摘要:

Scopolamine and placebo transdermal patches were applied on alternating days to 12 normal volunteer subjects. Psychological performance tasks, physiological assessments, a subjective feeling state questionnaire, and a sleep questionnaire were completed each day. Transdermal scopolamine produced significant decrements in memory task performance, daytime feelings of alertness, ease of waking, and alertness following waking, while resting heart rates were lowered. Significant drug × patch number interaction effects were present with memory for new information, letter cancellation omission errors, rapid visual information processing reaction time, and self-rated ease of getting to sleep, but there was no consistent pattern to the changes following successive patches. Visual problems (blurred vision, longer visual near point) increased following successive scopolamine patches, but the changes in task performance were not related to these visual changes

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118371

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The β-carboline FG 7142 and pentylenetetrazole, believed to act at different sites on the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex, have anxiogenic activity in the social interaction test in the rat. Two compounds that have anti-panic activity in man, the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, were used to try to antagonise the anxiogenic effects of the 2 drugs. Imipramine (5 and 15 mg/kg) was tested after 0 or 15 days pretreatment. In neither case was it able to reverse the anxiogenic effect of pentylenetetrazole (15 mg/kg). However, after chronic treatment the effects of FG 7142 were reversed. Imipramine itself had an anxiogenic action that was significant after acute treatment, and its effects were not additive with those of FG 7142 or pentylenetetrazole, suggestive of some mutual antagonism between acute imipramine and the 2 drugs. Similar mutual antagonism was obtained after acute treatment with clonidine (0.01 and 0.025 mg/kg

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118341

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

30 schizophrenic outpatients (RDC) under neuroleptic maintenance treatment completed a visuomotor tracking task with four degrees of difficulty. The mean efficiency of performance was measured in bit per second from the difference between the target signal and the tracking signal. Clinical assessment was accomplished with the BPRS, CGI, and GAS. Besides generally poorer tracking performance in schizophrenics compared with healthy volunteers the main finding was a relationship between tracking performance and psychopathological subtyping. Negative symptoms were related to a generally lowered task performance, irrespective of task difficulty. However, this effect disappeared by controlling for illness duration. On the other hand, there was a syndrome-specific interaction effect with task difficulty: Schizophrenics with positive symptoms performed poorly, especially in the most difficult task condition. Generally, there was no significant relationship between daily neuroleptic dose and tracking performance. Results are discussed with respect to a differential deficit in attention in schizophrenic subgroups.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118342

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The present study investigated the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist RO 15-1788 on the ability to resist sleep after 1 night of sleep deprivation. Repeated administrations of RO 15-1788 to 6 subjects significantly decreased their ability to resist sleep in comparison with repeated administrations of 100 mg of vitamin C, and with a nontreatment condition. Most of the hypnotic effect occurred 80–100 min after drug ingestion. RO 15-1788 also significantly enhanced sleep stage 2 spindles activity. These results demonstrate that at certain dosages RO 15-1788 has agonist-like effect

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118343

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

This paper is a compressed version of a tutorial which was presented during the 1986 training course of the International Pharmaco-EEG Group, in Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy. The paper starts with a discussion of some basic features of the encephalograph, sketches the frequency modulation recording technique and presents some fundamental rules and concepts concerning digital data acquisition. Patient safety is a further aspect of the tutorial. Finally, two calibration procedures are outlined.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118344

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

This tutorial was presented during the 1986 training course of the International Pharmaco-EEG Group (IPEG) in Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy. During recent years spectral analysis has been increasingly used in experimental EEG. However, to avoid misinterpretations of results, its limitations must still be carefully considered. The tutorial starts with revisiting the fundamentals of the technique, emphasizes the practical estimation of auto- and cross-spectra, discusses the assumptions underlying the spectral analysis of stochastic processes, and ends with a brief discussion concerning the postprocessing of spectral data

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118345

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In many situations, EEG recordings cannot be assumed to be second-order stationary. The definition of stationarity is reviewed and the implications of the nonstationarity of the EEG are investigated. Some methods to overcome the problem caused by the nonstationarity are discussed. They include measures of variability, condensed time series and segmentation. The discussion is restricted to FFT spectral estimators and broad-band parameters derived thereof.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118346

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

For the classification of sleep stages, international standards based on visual EEG analysis have been established and are in common use, although we are well aware of their limitations. Several authors have suggested different procedures for classifying the stages of vigilance during the waking stages. No universally accepted paradigm, however, has yet been developed. The proposed vigilance classification procedures are based either on visual or automatic analysis procedures. Even though the EEG activity and patterns that reflect vigilance changes have been identified and described as indicators of the state of alertness, opinion is divided on how these should be combined in a vigilance classification rule. Automatic methods, on the other hand, have up to now used only part of the information available, the relationship of which to vigilance indicators has only been partially explored. The COMSTAT (Dept. of Computation and Statistics, AFB-Arzneimittelforschung, Berlin, FRG) rule combines visual and automatic analysis procedures. Different vigilance-dependent EEG patterns, such as the proportion of occipital background rhythm under resting conditions and its replacement by either faster or slower waves, the frequency range of the occipital rhythm and the anteriorization phenomena, have been used as information for a latent class analysis (LCA5) with 5 classes (stages of vigilance). There is a high correlation between the results of the LCA5 with visual classification rules made by experts. Using a robust discriminant analysis function which takes into account prior probabilities of the classes, and with a linear cost function for misclassification, an automatic rule with power spectrum variables was fitted to the results of the LCA5. Reclassification and split-half classification showed a high overlap between LCA5 and automatic classification. The result of this procedure is a new vigilance classification rule that is based on an objective mathematical rationale for the combination of different vigilance-indicative EEG activities and patterns but which can be applied to power-spectral estimators in an automatic EEG analysis procedure.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118347

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The sedative or excitatory effects of drugs are difficult to evaluate in patients with depression, where sleep disturbances and tiredness in the daytime belong to the clinical manifestations of the psychiatric disorder. A refined method of vigilance measurement, based on the EEG spectra, together with proper statistical analysis of the data, is helpful for correct interpretation of the data. In two groups of patients with depression, the intensity of sleep disturbances was considered as a background variable in partial correlations, reflecting the relationships between vigilance and drug concentration in a more specific way. It was shown that the sedative effect of maprotiline interferes with the increased vigilance in the patients, with improved night sleep after treatment. As a result, the patients do not experience decreased vigilance although maprotiline has a sedative action. The results obtained in the patients treated with β-blockers suggest that the drug itself has no sedative effect but the patients suffer from decreased vigilance in the daytime, caused by the sleep disturbances and depression

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118348

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger