摘要:

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of treatment with the neuroleptic pimozide, negative symptoms improved in schizophrenic patients who showed an antipsychotic response. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between changes in positive and negative symptoms for the group as a whole, including both pimozide responders and nonresponders. In our patient sample, neuroleptic treatment did not exert a differential effect on the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It is conceivable that negative symptoms are state dependent and may become neuroleptic nonresponsive over time just as positive symptoms do in some chronic patients.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118403

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The chronic effects of mianserin and two of its major metabolites on the behaviour of olfactory bulbectomized rats in the ‘open field’ apparatus were studied. When these compounds were tested at the same dose, only the parent compound was active in attenuating the hypermotility which the bulbectomized rat exhibited under these experimental conditions. Changes in the concentrations of noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were also determined in the amygdaloid cortex and mid-brain regions of the sham-operated and lesioned rats. Only mianserin reversed the reduction in the noradrenaline concentration which occurred in the amygdaloid cortex following bulbectomy; the changes in noradrenaline or MHPG in the mid-brain were not correlated with this behavioural effect of mianse

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118404

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Experimental tests of whether an individual neuroleptic treatment for compensation of acute schizophrenic disorders is more effective and has fewer side effects than a standard therapy were performed under double-blind conditions. For this purpose, a group of 16 patients was treated with 10 mg haloperidol/day for the duration of 14 days, and another group of 16 patients was treated with 20 mg haloperidol/day for the same period. 16 patients of a third group were treated for 14 days with an individual haloperidol dose adapted to the psychopathological findings. Patients were randomly allocated to the treatment groups. The medication was laid down in accordance with the randomization plan without informing the ward staff and raters by a leading physician of the hospital who was not involved in the data collection in the investigation. The psychological findings were registered by means of the BPRS and the global appraisal by the doctor (CGI) on days 0, 7 and 14. Extrapyramidal side effects were registered by means of the Simpson scale on days 0, 7 and 14. A superiority of the individually adapted treatment over standardized treatment could be demonstrated neither for the therapeutic target parameters nor for the side effect variables. On the contrary, a tendency to superiority in the groups treated with fixed doses was found. The results are discussed in terms of their significance for treatment practice.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118405

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A comparative study performed in psychosomatic patients and healthy subjects reveals different profiles of thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) correlations with personality measurements (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS), and Susceptibility to Punishment Scale (SP). Three distinct sets of results may be enumerated, namely: (1) a negative correlation between sensation-seeking and TSH; (2) a positive correlation between the most indicative scales predisposing to depression-anxiety (hypochondriasis, depression, social introversion, susceptibility to punishment) and T4, and (3) the Hypomania Scale (Ma) showed a significant negative correlation with T4 in the patient group and a positive but nonsignificant relationship in the healthy group.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118406

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Knowledge in neuropsychobiology continues to benefit from the use of drugs as ‘tools’ to alter neurochemical events as a means of studying interactions between the events and behaviour. Before drugs could play such a role, concepts about basic properties of living organism had to be refined. Techniques had to be invented for investigating the kinetics by which drugs reach their sites of action within the body and the dynamics of their effects once they have occupied their receptors, behaviour being one category of such effects. The present discussion examines these developments in historical perspective, focusing upon influences they have in advancing our understanding of neurochemical substrates of behavi

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118407

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In two studies experimentally induced colds slowed the speed of response in a serial reaction task. Responding was also slower during the incubation period of the illness, which shows that performance on such a task may be used to predict subsequent illness. Volunteers who had no significant clinical illness, but who had a significant rise in IgG following virus challenge, also showed changes in performance. In contrast to the serial reaction task, neither colds nor subclinical infections impaired performance on a detection task.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118408

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Up to date 6 patients with initial presenile idiopathic cognitive decline (PICD) and 5 suffering from a presenile Alzheimer-type dementia (PAD) with a mean age of 59.5 were admitted to the trial. The 6 PICD patients were assigned to a double-blind nicergoline/placebo 6-month course with an oral dose of 30 mg twice a day. PAD patients were treated in an open design (nicergoline oral dose 30 mg twice a day) for at least 6 months. Until now only 4 PICD and 3 PAD patients have been treated regularly for 6 months. Two of 4 PICD patients showed a progressive enhancement of contingent negative variation (CNV), shorter reaction time (RT) and an improvement of clinical status. The other 2 PICD patients, on the contrary, showed a progressive mild worsening of CNV-RT and clinical patterns. The double-blind trial is not yet completed. CNV activity, RTs and clinical patterns progressively improved also in 2 PAD patients while in the 3rd they remained nearly unchanged or minimally worse during the 6-month treatment. The positive nicergoline effect on CNV-RT and clinical status noted in our patients appeared similar to that observed by other authors with DHEMT in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. No adverse drug-related reactions were seen.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118409

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A new procedure for detecting departures from constancy of the parameters of a probabilistic model over a period of time is proposed. It basically consists of specification of a joint probability distribution for data and models and minimization of the total gain in information. In contrast to conventional techniques, this procedure can be used to determine both the number of different models and the positions of the points at which the switches from one model to another occur. It is demonstrated how this new method can be applied to the problem of identification of different stages of EEG background activity. The lengths of these stages might serve as indicators for drug effects in the EEG.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118410

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the present study, we investigated the different types of neocortical rhythmic slow activity (RSA) during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep as well as their pharmacological modification. During wakefulness, the high-frequency (7–9 Hz) RSA1 type, which is atropine-resistant, is accentuated by forebrain stimulation and is abolished by urethane, clonidine and alcuronium. These drugs induce the low-frequency (4–6 Hz) RSA2 type that is atropine-sensitive and is activated by cholinergic agents and by some drugs such as tabernanthine, ibogaine, vincamine, SL 76.188-MS (10-chloro-hexahydrocanthinone methanesulphonate). The effects of pilocarpine and SL 76.188-MS on RSA2 are antagonized by atropine and hemicholinium-3, which suggests the involvement of a cholinergic pathway in the neocortical RSA activation (as has been demonstrated for the hippocampal RSA). During paradoxical sleep, two types of RSA are also observed: RSAT, of low frequency (5–7 Hz) present during its tonic components, and RSAP, of high frequency (7–9 Hz) which is well correlated with phasic phenomena such as bursts of rapid eye movements generated, or controlled, by cholinergic mechanisms. Imipramine reduces phasic phenomena and the periods of neocortical RSAP. Alcuronium does not modify RSAP in paradoxical sleep-deprived rats and suppress RSA1 during arousal, observations which would suggest that RSAP and RSA1 are regulated by two distinct central mechanisms. The EEG studies of neocortical RSA during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep allow the selection and the differentiation of pharmacological agents. Furthermore, this approach not only may represent a basis for the treatment of deficits in the regulation of vigilance and memory, but also a novel strategy for the analysis of RSA type of paradoxical sleep with respect to antidepressant and anxiolytic tr

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118411

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger