摘要:

Saliva cortisol was measured at 11 p.m. in a sample of 74 psychiatric inpatients composed of 24 primary endogenous depressives, 40 secondary depressives and 20 nondepressives (DSM III and Saint-Louis criteria). Primary depressives had significantly higher 11 p.m. saliva cortisol levels than nondepressives (p < 0.02) and secondary depressives ( p< 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between secondary depressive and nonde-pressive saliva cortisol levels. A saliva cortisol cutoff limit of 3.45 nmol/1 identified primary depressives with a sensitivity of 62.5% and with a specificity of 75% in the depressive group, and 90% in the nondepressive group. The measurement of saliva cortisol at 11 p.m. could be used alone as a reliable and practical index of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in depression, especially in outpatients.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118384

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the light of the existence of controversial reports on the stability of Li ratio, we investigated a group of affective patients wishing to verify intraindividual stability of this parameter in the different phases of the disease, that is normothymia and manic and depressive episodes. We found lower Li ratios for the periods preceding any relapse. Further, we analyzed whether or not some epidemiological factors, such as polarity, sex, actual age, age of onset, might affect interindividual variability of the Li ratio. We found that they did not as single factors. Interaction between polarity and the presence of relapses appeared to significantly affect the Li ratio.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118385

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

An open clinical trial was conducted on an unlocked ward investigating the use of benzodìazepines as adjunctive therapy with neuroleptics in managing acute exacerbation of chronic schizophrenia. Seventeen patients meeting DSM-III criteria for this disorder were treated. Patient response was monitored with use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Beigel Mania Rating Scale. Our results indicate that those patients who received greater than 2 mg lorazepam equivalents daily had greater improvement at 4 days of treatment in comparison to those who received less than 2 mg lorazepam equivalents daily

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118386

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

2,550 persons from a geographically delimited area in Sweden were examined and described by a team of 4 psychiatrists in 1947. Mental disorders, personality traits, social factors etc. were recorded for all but 1% of the population. Irrespective of domicile the same persons were examined in the same way first 10, then another 15 years later. The incidence of ‘Anxiety’ up to 60 years of age was 9.9% in men and 19.7% in women. The majority of both sexes had their first episode as young adults or in the younger middle age (30–39 years). Among men with a ‘severe and medium’ impairment, the cumulative probability of disease was higher in the 15-year period 1957–1972 than in the 10-year perio

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118387

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Several investigations have suggested that a special relationship exists between thyroid function and affective disorders and/or therapeutic response to antidepressants. The present study shows that the reversal by clomipramine, desipramine, imipramine and nialamide of depressive-like behavior in rats (escape deficits produced by previous exposure to uncontrollable stress) was markedly attenuated in hypothyroid rats (propylthiouracil, 0.05% in the drinking water). Conversely, the effect of these same antidepressants was significantly hastened in euthyroid rats given daily triiodothyronine. This supports the notion of intricate thyroid/CNS interactions in the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118388

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Blood and saliva samples were obtained from 117 healthy young men, following which radioimmunoassays were used to determine the serum concentrations of testosterone (Tser), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the level of free testosterone (Tsal) in the saliva. The cognitive functioning was determined by five spatial and six verbal ipsative test scores, reflecting intra-individual variance in the performance of these tasks, independent of the person’s general level of achievement. Within the normal physiological range androgen levels – especially Tser and to a lesser extent DHT and Tsal – showed a significantly positive correlation with measures of spatial ability and field dependence-independence and a significantly negative correlation with measures of verbal prod

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118389

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Sleep rhythm can be influenced by narcotics and exogenous disturbances causing persistent insomnia, exhaustion and moodiness. In this study the influence of anesthesia on the patients’ sleep during the first postoperative night was investigated. It was attempted to differentiate between the influences due to anesthesia, namely to surgery, and due to intensive care. In 10 patients with halothane narcosis, 12 patients with neuroleptanalgesia, 12 young patients and 12 patients more than 70 years of age with halothane/fentanyl anesthesia a sleep study was performed during the first postoperative night. Electrodes were placed according to the criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales [US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bethesda 1968]. The group of controls consisted of 10 healthy female volunteers, who had to sleep under identical conditions. The sleep stages were visually evaluated by criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales [US Department of Health, Education and Welfare Public Health Service, Bethesda 1968]. The disturbances by nurses did not, on the whole, interfere with the sleep rhythms of the 10 healthy volunteers: 4–5 REM phases and stage IV sleep were seen regularly. The patients had a maximum of 1 REM phase. Stage II sleep was reached after falling asleep and maintained for several hours. Stage III and IV were hardly seen in all patient groups. Geriatric patients showed the most obvious changes in their sleep. They were sleepless during 41.1 % of the monitored period. Stage II was slightly reduced. Night sleep of patients after anesthesia is disturbed not only by intensive care unit conditions, but also by direct effects of narcotics and surgery. Disturbances of the night rest can cause severe confusion. Especially elderly patients with preexisting diminished cerebral function may develop profound mental impairment during the postoperative per

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118390

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The investigations of the EEG during an open study with the antipsychotic drug fluperlapine in acute schizophrenic patients are reported. Due to ethical and practical considerations some of the common pharmacoelectroencephalographic procedures as well as placebo controlled study designs could not be applied in these patients. To overcome at least partly these limitations, intraindividual as well as interindividual correlations were used. They were computed between plasma concentrations of unchanged fluperlapine as well as its metabolite N-oxide fluperlapine, on one hand, and EEG variables, on the other. The intraindividual correlations can be computed either on the first day of the active treatment over various time points of that day (acute effects) or across several appointed treatment days always taking values at the same time during these days (chronic effects). The intraindividual correlations of a set of subjects were submitted to a sign test to obtain an overall result for the relation between the EEG and blood plasma levels of the drug. In this way an acute and a chronic effect of fluperlapine on the EEG could be shown consisting mainly of an increase in slow waves, a decrease in the α-activity and a tendency of β-activity to decrease. A comparison of the correlations between the plasma levels of fluperlapine and the EEG variables with the correlations between the plasma levels of N-oxide fluperlapine and the EEG give rise to the hypothesis that unchanged fluperlapine has a stronger effect on the EEG than its metabolit

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118391

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Electroencephalograms were recorded from the parietal and frontal cortex of freely moving rats held in constant vigilance by placing them in a slowly turning drum. The effects of 5 clinically effective anxiolytics, buspirone, meprobamate, phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, were studied after intraperitoneal injection of different doses. After on-line fast Fourier transformation of the EEG signal, the drug effects were quantified by an Analysis of Variance. This resulted in a t profile for each drug dosage. Averaging the t profiles of all dosages of a drug results in a ‘drug profile’. Averaging the drug profiles of the 5 anxiolytic drugs tested results in an ‘anxiolytic profile’. This profile is characterized by a power decrease from 8 to 11 Hz and above 70 Hz and a power increase from 20 to 60 Hz. The anxiolytic profile is compared with the formerly defined antidepressant and neuroleptic profiles and can be clearly distinguished from the lat

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118392

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger