摘要:

It has been hypothesized that sleep changes in endogenous depression are caused by a deficiency in the buildup of Process S (a sleep/wake-dependent component of sleep thought to be reflected in EEG power), and a resulting disinhibition of the REM sleep system. To test this hypothesis, we have reexamined the results of two studies in which sleep episodes of normal subjects could be considered to be similarly deficient in Process S, as a result of reduced prior wakefulness. Structural components of these sleep episodes, particularly REM sleep measures, showed remarkable similarities to those observed in depressed patients. Moreover, there was a strong relationship between REM latency and preceding slow-wave sleep. The findings are interpreted as providing support for the Process S deficiency hypothesis.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118413

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Free cortisol in urine, temperature and heart rate were examined in 81 endogenous depressives and 15 healthy controls in five successive 24-hour rhythms. The nocturnal mean value, amplitude, phase position of the minima and period length were calculated. Main results: cortisol secretion is to be found in larger quantities in depressives than in healthy controls. The amount of cortisol is again raised after a period of sleep deprivation and simultaneously the amplitude becomes larger. Temperature measurements revealed an enlargement of the amplitude following treatment with tricyclic antidepressants. A minimal increase in heart rate is evident in endogenous depressives in comparison with healthy subjects. The heart rate in the entire circadian course is significantly increased by antidepressants. All three variables showed a phase advance of the nocturnal minima in endogenous depression. Alterations in period length could not be detected. The findings were discussed in regard to chronobiological dissertations on endogenous depression.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118414

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A significant increase of urinary Ca and hydroxyproline levels and a decrease of urinary alkaline phosphatase activity were found in 12 schizophrenic patients receiving certain neuroleptic drugs. In these patients, the levels of active metabolites of vitamin D3 were decreased, while the levels of midmolecule parathyroid hormone were within the normal range, except for 2 cases. These results suggest that certain neuroleptics induce the increased urinary Ca excretion through suppression of active vitamin D3 formation and that chronic treatment with certain neuroleptics may induce abnormal bone mineralization.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118415

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In this double-blind study we compared alprazolam, clobazam, and placebo for the treatment of outpatients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. At the end of the treatment, the three groups were significantly improved without showing differences among them. However, both active-drug groups were much improved at the end of week 1 in contrast to the placebo group. We were unable to find any difference on efficacy evaluations between alprazolam and clobazam, but alprazolam reached a consistently better outcome on some ratings compared to placebo. Although benzodiazepines share many common properties, it is necessary to identify selected groups of patients that can be helped by specific compounds or even placebo.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118416

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Rats were injected with chlordiazepoxide 30 min before a situation of uncontrollable stress, or 30 min before an FR-3 escape test 24 h after the uncontrollable stress. Only in the latter situation they reduced their response latencies. The conclusion was that helplessness after moderate stress (i.e. electric shock) resembles a state of anxiety. Anxiety can be descibed on a behavioural level as inhibiting the ongoing behaviour. Therefore an explanation in terms of anxiety is in agreement with Weiss’ inactivity hypothesis and with the results of the study by Drugan et al., who also emphasized the role of anxiety or fear in learned helplessness experiment

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118417

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The present report presents evidence that operant conditioning processes may contribute to hypokinetic effects in rats induced by repeated haloperidol (HAL) treatments. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were subdivided into three equal groups and given 9 daily injections of either 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg HAL, i.p., or the lactic acid vehicle 1 h before testing of motoric behavior. The effects of the HAL were dependent upon dose and the test situation. In an open field, 1.0 HAL produced a complete akinesia whereas 0.1 HAL initially had no effect, but with repeated treatments the 0.1-HAL-treated rats became hypokinetic. When the animals were tested for their response to enter a dark compartment, the 2 doses had equivalent effects. Initially, HAL had no effect, but with repeated treatments, latencies to enter the dark compartment increased at the equivalent rates for the 0.1 and 1.0 HAL groups. When conditioned drug effects were assessed following withdrawal, only in drug environment situations which operant behavior occurred initially did hypokinesia persist. These results are relevant to understanding the delayed onset of action and antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118418

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The spectral characteristics and average, auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were determined from EEGs repeatedly recorded over a span of several years. Data from a vertex lead is presented for 4 chronic schizophrenic patients and 5 normal subjects. Measurements were made under identical conditions. For each subject characteristic spectra and AEPs were exhibited despite the passage of time. Patients had recordings performed both on and off antipsychotic medication. While receiving antipsychotic medication the patients’ EEG spectra showed an increase in alpha activity. Less consistently there was a decrease in delta or an increase in beta activity; theta activity was unchanged. These latter effects are different from those generally reported for an acute antipsychotic dose and may be more representative of antipsychotic effects (which occur after days or weeks of treatment). Psychopathology tended to be inversely related to alpha power, the magnitude of the AEP N100, and medicatio

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118419

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Chronic implantation of four bipolar concentric electrodes into frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and reticular formation allows repetitive recordings of field potentials from freely moving rats. After radiotransmission the EEG signals are submitted to a quantitative spectral power analysis. Drug-induced changes in single frequency bands as obtained from the power spectra from different brain areas lead to a drug-specific pattern which can be compared with those of various standard compounds known to influence dopaminergic transmission in the central nervous system. With regard to receptor specificity the research compounds SK & F 38393 (D-l agonist), SCH 23390 (D-l antagonist), quinpirole (D-2 agonist) as well as haloperidol (D-2 antagonist, less specific) are tested under identical conditions. Memantine (1–6 mg/kg, i.p.) induces power decreases in a dose-dependent manner in nearly all frequency bands thus resembling the action of apomorphine. Less similar but still comparable is the action of amphetamine, whereas among the receptor-specific dopaminergic drugs only SK&F 38393 can be regarded as similar in as much as mainly delta, alpha-2 and beta-1 frequencies decrease at the same time. Thus memantine develops its own specific pattern of changes in the EEG which can be used to discriminate it from other drugs. The results are in accordance with the drug’s proposed action of enhancing the dopaminergic transmission, which probably implies an indirect mechanism of action as biochemically no direct interaction with any of the dopaminergic receptors has been described for memantine so

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118420

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118421

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118422

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger