摘要:

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of calcium and magnesium were measured in acute schizophrenics versus schizophrenic patients in remission. The acute schizophrenics demonstrated statistically significant lower levels of cerebrospinal fluid magnesium. The mechanism that underlies this difference is not clear.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119272

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The neuroendocrine effects of many stressful challenges and experimentally induced emotional states have been investigated in humans, but few data are available concerning the psychobiological correlates of the emotional arousal induced by TV violence, fear and conflictual emotions. In this study we evaluated cardiovascular, hormonal and mood changes induced by the view of a violent or, in random order, neutral movie in 20 healthy young women. The emotional arousal was associated with a significant increase in heart rate, systolic blood pressure and significant changes in self-evaluated mood states, β-Endorphin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, epinephrine and growth hormone showed a significant increase during emotional arousal, with a significant interaction mood-time. Cortisol increased significantly during the violent movie (areas under curves analysis), but not significant interaction mood-time has been demonstrated. Prolactin and norepinephrine levels did not show a significant change during the emotional stimulus. Our data evidence the existence of neuroendocrine changes associated with the defence mechanism and aroused by movie violence and conflictual situations

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119273

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Behavioral abnormalities, jumping reaction, increase in spontaneous activity, abnormal violence, and lethargy were observed in long-term ultraviolet A (UVA)-irradiated hairy male Crj:CD-1 mice. The learning ability of 6- and 12-months UVA-irradiated mice was significantly reduced compared to un-irradiated age-matched mice. Acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities in the whole brains were decreased in both of 6- and 12-month irradiated mice. Only 1 of 6 mice irradiated for 12 months was histologically observed to have a drastic loss of bilateral hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1 field of Ammon’s hor

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119274

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

To show a possible correlation between drug-induced hyperprolactinemia and improvement of hysterical neurosis of the conversion type, we followed 18 patients monitoring clinical somatic and psychic symptoms as well as serum prolactin levels. Six patients were treated with haloperidol and 12 with sulpiride; after 2 months sulpiride was administered at half the daily dose to 6 patients previously treated with the same drug. Clinical evaluation showed that sulpiride treatment led to a greater improvement compared to the haloperidol group. The different effectiveness of treatment could be explained by the different hyperprolactinemic potency. The therapeutic efficacy of neuroleptics suggests also that hyperactivity of dopaminergic transmission is involved in the pathophysiology of hysterical neurotic symptoms.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119275

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

This study deals with the effects of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, BRL 46470A, on memory and anxiety, using the elevated T-maze. This method is useful for investigating the effects of anxiolytic drugs on memory, and the relationships between neural subsystems involved in emotionally related behaviors and in processes underlying learning. After the drug was either injected peripherally or microinjected into the amygdala, the animals were tested on the elevated T-maze (30 or 15 min later, respectively). Two kinds of aversively motivated behaviors, inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape, were recorded. These behaviors may reflect different types of fear/anxiety, namely, anticipatory anxiety and innate fear. Three days later, memory for these tasks was assessed by reexposing the subjects to the maze. The compound had an anxiolytic effect on the inhibitory avoidance response when given systemically, but an anxiogenic effect when injected into the amygdala. It had an anxiolytic action on the escape response when given either systemically or into the amygdala. The compound had no adverse effects on memory for either task. These results suggest that this new 5-HT3 antagonist may be useful in the treatment of certain types of anxiety disorders, especially those related to unconditioned fear, e.g. phobic or panic disorders, with the likelihood of having no side effects on memory processes. The contrasting results obtained with different measures of anxiety may also account for the inconsistencies found in the experimental literature dealing with compounds of this nature.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119276

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the pharmacotherapy of chronic generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) rationally grounded guidelines on the treatment to choose in individual cases are not evident in the literature. The present study was designed to address this question in 30 patients with chronic GAD. Within a period of 31 weeks, amitriptyline 30 mg/day, flupentixole 1.5 mg/day, clotiazepam 15 mg/day and placebo were administered 4 times for 1 week, double-blind and at random to each patient. U tests showed that in 19 patients one agent was superior to the other substances (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the drugs in 11 patients. However, a meta-analysis across all single-subject experiments showed that in individual patients suffering from chronic GAD differential effects of anxiolytic agents can be found by means of single-subject experiments (p < 0.001). The findings lend further support to the hypothesis that, in an approach to optimize pharmacological treatment of patients suffering from chronic GAD, single-subject experiments may be useful.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119277

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The aim of the present study was to provide preliminary information on the acute and chronic effects of infectious mononucleosis (IM) on memory, attention, psychomotor performance and mood. These issues were examined by comparing individuals with acute IM, those who had the initial illness some months before, and matched healthy controls. Objective measures of memory, attention, motor skills and visual functions were obtained, as were subjective reports of mood. The results showed selective effects of acute IM on performance and mood, with the profile of impairments being very similar to those observed in previous studies of influenza. Different impairments were observed in subjects who had the primary illness several months before, and the effects observed in this group were similar to those observed in recent studies of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Both acute and chronic IM subjects reported similar levels of symptoms and psychopathology, with both groups having greater scores than the controls. However, the performance impairments did not reflect symptoms or psychopathology. One may conclude that the study of IM will provide important data on both the acute and longer lasting effects of viral infections on the brain and behaviour.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119278

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

As neuroelectric research into the smoking/nicotine habit has focused exclusively on young and middle-aged adults, this electroencephalographic (EEG) study was conducted to determine whether a long-term smoking history alters the aging brain and/or whether the aging brain demonstrates an altered sensitivity to acute smoking/nicotine. Forty healthy adults, 20 young, aged 18-39 years, and 20 elderly, aged 64–81 years, volunteered for participation. Half of the young and elderly were nonsmokers with no previous smoking history and the remaining half of the young and elderly were current smokers with average smoking histories of 9.3 and 52.0 years, respectively. Smokers attended the laboratory for two randomized test sessions during which multisite EEG recordings were collected pre and post sham and cigarette smoking. Nonsmokers attended the laboratory for one nonsmoking EEG recording session. Spectral power indices showed aging to be associated with significant reductions in absolute delta and theta power and increases in relative beta power and faster mean total band frequency. Aging effects varied with recording region but not with smoker versus nonsmoker status. Smokers did exhibit a faster mean beta frequency. Acute cigarette smoking decreased absolute delta power in young smokers and increased relative alpha2, beta power and mean alpha frequency in both young and elderly smokers. Only the young smokers showed increase in mean theta and total frequency. The results are discussed in relation to cognition in normal and pathological agin

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119279

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119280

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000119281

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1996

数据来源: Karger