摘要:

Rats received 10 mg/kg/day of haloperidol during up to 9.5 weeks. Substance P, Leu- and Met-enkephalins, were studied in brain using immunohistochemical methods. Haloperidol modified the peptides immunoreactivity in most brain areas. The time necessary to observe the effects of haloperidol on the peptides varied individually, depending on the peptide and the brain area. Moreover, inversions of these effects were often observed, generally occurring between in 5th and 7th day of drug administration. Substance P was increased after haloperidol in the hypophysis, a finding hereto not described. This descriptive study identified none of these three peptides as a single and specific target for dopaminergic receptor blockade. Methodological issues in evaluating the effects of neuroleptics on brain peptides are discussed.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118321

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Peripheral models using blood cells might be biochemical markers in various psychiatric illnesses. In previous papers we reported a deficit of tyrosine and tryptophan transport in red cells incubated in plasma from depressed patients. In the present study we investigated the role played by sodium and calcium in these transports by using inhibitors and ionophores of the main movements of these electrolytes. We also studied the contribution of phloretin-sensitive countertransport, which has been described as low in psychiatric conditions.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118322

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The authors have evaluated the psychotropic drug use patterns and psychological distress (with the Symptom Distress Checklist, SCL-90) amongst 331 elderly medical inpatients. Forty-two percent of the sample took psychotropic drugs during their hospitalization period. The drugs most commonly used were anxiolytics and hypnotics of the benzodiazepine class. Subjects to whom psychotropic drugs were prescribed reported higher psychological distress compared to those not receiving them; however, a score of moderate distress in the depression and sleep disturbances subscales was reported by a relatively high percentage of subjects not receiving psychotropics. Patients taking antidepressants reported scores of psychological suffering higher than those under benzodiazepine treatment: such a difference not only related to the depression subscale, but to the majority of the symptom areas investigated by the SCL-90.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118323

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In order to compare the level of agreement between four evaluation criteria, data from an 18-month clinical trial with 181 schizophrenic patients were reanalyzed. In that study, assessments of the subjects were carried out with two psychiatric rating scales, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (BPRS and NOSIE), and two clinical evaluations (psychiatrist and nurse). Results show that there was total agreement on the four outcome measures for only half of the subjects. After further analyses, we observed that the best agreement was between the two clinical assessments. The NOSIE had poor agreement with the other criteria and appeared less sensitive to moderate levels of improvement in the patients’ clinical status. These results are discussed with respect to reliability and validity iss

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118324

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effects of 10 mg diazepam on signal detection theory measures (stimulus sensitivity, response bias) and reaction times were studied in a 1-hour visual signal detection task with high and low signal probability, and on performance in two short-duration tasks: Critical Flicker-Fusion Frequency (CFF) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). 12 healthy volunteers participated in this placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study. Diazepam affected the stimulus sensitivity and the reaction times of hits in the signal detection task. DSST performance was also impaired while CFF did not change after diazepam treatment. No relationship between serum diazepam concentration and change in task performance was found. It is concluded that diazepam affects signal detection performance, independent of signal probability. A short-duration task like the DSST is as sensitive to the effects of diazepam as the (long-duration) signal detection task.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118325

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The present two experiments were designed to investigate the effects of a synthetic and of a natural corticosteroid on nocturnal sleep in humans. Both experiments were held double-blind and designed according to a within-subject cross-over comparison. In the first experiment, 1 mg of dexamethasone applied orally prior to sleep (11.00 p.m.) led to a reduction of the percent of time spent in REM and in stage 4 sleep. The amount of stage 2 sleep tended to be increased after dexamethasone. In the second experiment, an infusion of 100 mg hydrocortisone throughout the night also reduced REM, but increased stage 4 sleep. A statistical comparison of both experiments suggested that both steroids not only reduced REM sleep but also tended to enhance intermittent wakefulness. This analysis also confirmed opposite effects on measures of slow-wave sleep of both substances. The results represent a first demonstration of differential effects of synthetic and natural corticosteroids on sleep, which has to be substantiated in further studies directly comparing effects of these steroids.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118326

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

EEG recordings from 5 different brain areas of freely moving rats were performed under controlled vigilance stage conditions. Effects of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs were assessed following their intraperitoneal injection. Quantification of the drug effects was achieved by analysis of variance following on-line fast-Fourier transformation of the EEG signal. This resulted in so-called drug profiles. From the individual antidepressant and neuroleptic drug profiles, an antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class profile was calculated. Using the absolute power for the calculation of the antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class profiles gave a better discrimination between the two drug class profiles than using the relative power. The antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class profiles derived from the n. amygdala and hippocampus did not show significant differences. The antidepressant and neuroleptic drug class profiles showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in rather small frequency bands from the n. caudatus (16–14 Hz), n. accumbens septum (19–24 and 27–31 Hz) and cortex (10

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118327

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The N1 and P2 components of the auditory evoked magnetic field were shown to be modified by the benzodiazepines diazepam and triazolam. Previous studies indicate that the electrical sources of these components are located in the auditory cortex, implying that benzodiazepines have a direct or indirect effect on neuronal activity at this level. The recorded changes were comparable to those previously reported using auditory evoked potential measurements. These results suggest that magnetic recordings may eventually be used as a sensitive, supplementary and location-specific measure of the central action of psychoactive substances.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118328

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118329

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118330

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger