摘要:

This study presents the incidence and risk of Anxiety Disorders according to DSM-III-R in the 1947 Lundby cohort. The figures are based on a re-evaluation of 124 first-ever episodes of ’Anxiety’ according to the Lundby definition. Panic Disorders without/with Agoraphobia constituted the largest groups, while a proportionally low rate of Generalized Anxiety Disorder was obtained. The incidence rates per 100 person years in Panic Disorders without Agoraphobia were 0.07 for men and 0.20 for women, the female dominance being statistically significant. Corresponding figures in Panic Disorders with Agoraphobia were 0.04 and 0.07. About 20% fell into other diagnostic categories, the most dominating being Mood and Adjustment Disorders and Hypochon-driasis. Comparisons with incidence rates from the ECA and Stirling County studies are made and outlines for further research presen

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118946

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Immunological and neuroendocrine parameters were examined in 11 women with anorexia nervosa, 6 restricted and 5 bulimic-anorectics, 17-43 years old with 2-15 years duration of the disease, and in 11 age- and sex-matched psychophysically healthy controls. The T lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and β-endorphin (β-EP) levels was examined in basal conditions and after corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation. Cortisol inhibition by dexamethasone (DST), and basal growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels were also examined. The immune study did not reveal significant differences between patients and controls. ACTH and cortisol basal levels were significantly higher in anorectics, while β-EP, GH and PRL concentrations did not differ in the two groups. ACTH, β-EP and cortisol responses to CRH were blunted in anorectics and the DST impaired in 55% of the patients. No correlations were observed between neuroendocrine impairments and the T lymphocyte response to PHA, or between the immunological neuroendocrine parameters and the body mass index of either patients or contr

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118947

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The effect of scopolamine hydrobromide (0.4 mg s.c.) on spontaneous yawning was studied in 16 male volunteers in a double-blind study. Scopolamine (or placebo) was given 60 min before (–60 min) placebo (physiological saline s.c.) (time 0 min) and yawning monitored from –15 to +60 min by recording displacement of the lower jaw and storing the traces on diskettes. After placebo, the number of yawns was 5.3 ± 1.4 (X ± SE) and after scopolamine pretreatment 4.3 ± 1.6 (p = NS). Drowsiness was assessed with the Stanford Sleepiness Scale and the Analog Sleepiness Scale at –15,0, +20, +40, +60 min. There was no significant correlation between total sleepiness scores (area under the curve, 0 min to +60 min), peak sleepiness score or peak increment in sleepiness score and number of yawns on either scale. These data suggest that (a) spontaneous yawning in man is not mediated by a central muscarinic cholinergic link, and (b) the assumed relationship between drowsiness and yawning remains to be verified experi

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118948

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

We measured α2-adrenoceptor-mediated platelet primary aggregation in depressed patients and healthy subjects. Both initial velocity and maximum amplitudes of platelet response to increasing concentrations of adrenaline were decreased in drug-free depressed patients as compared with controls. The EC50 of both initial slope and maximum amplitude were also increased in drug-free depressed patients. The results suggested a lowered platelet α2-adrenoceptor function. Demographic factors (age and sex) and the time between blood collection and start of aggregation monitoring did not influence the results. This report is consistent with postsynaptic receptor desensitization in depressed patients. The precise molecular mechanism for this impairment remains to be elucidate

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118949

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In a double-blind study 40 abstinent hospitalized male patients with an alcoholic organic brain syndrome (OBS; ICD 9: 291.2) were treated for 6 weeks with either placebo or 200 mg modafmil b.i.d. Modafmil (CRL 40476) is a vigilance-promoting, putative central α1-adrenergic agonist with a pharmacological profile quite different from that of amphetamine. Clinical investigations demonstrated that the spontaneous remission of the alcoholic OBS was augmented and accelerated by modafmil, which was found significant as compared with placebo by confirmatory statistics in the target variable, the Clinical Global Impression scale. The drug was well tolerated. Psychometric tests revealed significant improvement of the noopsyche after modafmil as compared with placebo, while the thymopsyche and psychophysiological measurements were not affected. Electroencephalographic mapping showed significant differences between the central effects of modafmil and placebo indicating an improvement of vigilance under modafmil. Typical vigilance-promoting properties were seen after acute drug administration, were less evident before the morning dose after chronic treatment but re-occurred after superimposed daily drug administration. Thus, our clinical, psychometric and neurophysiological investigations in alcoholic OBS patients demonstrated a therapeutic effect of modafmil in the early phase of abstinence

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118950

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Two experiment were conducted to assess the electroencephalographic effects of (1) three different dosages of a total extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761, Tebonin®) and (2) three different extractions of G. biloba (Tebonin and two fractions from it). The medicament was tested against placebo using a double-blind cross-over design in 12 normal healthy males for each experiment. Medication was administered for 3 days preceding the recording sessions. 25 parameters were computed from the EEG spectra. Medication-related effects were obtained for most of the power measures, whereas dominant frequencies of the respective frequency band remained largely unchanged. The differences between the EEG effects of the two studies are critically discussed

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118951

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Twelve healthy volunteers were tested in a double-blind crossover study to assess the effects of oxazepam and an extract of kava roots (Piper methysticum) on behavior and event-related potentials (ERPs) in a recognition memory task. The subjects’ task was to identify within a list of visually presented words those that were shown for the first time and those that were being repeated. The repeated words were associated with an increased positivity beginning approximately 250 ms poststimulus. Oxazepam led to a reduction of a negative component in the 250–500 ms range for both old and new words and to a reduction of the old/new difference in the ERP associated with a significantly worse recognition rate. Kava on the other hand showed a slightly increased recognition rate and a larger ERP difference between old and new wo

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118952

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The parameters of auditory P300 were studied with reference-independent methods in a group of 18 remitted and residual schizophrenics, and in 18 age-and sex-matched controls. In the schizophrenic group, significant inverse correlations were found between P300 amplitudes and level of psychopathology assessed with the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms and with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Clinical variables regarding social functioning and adaptation, assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, and with axis V of DSM-III-R, correlated significantly with low amplitudes. The scalp locations of the maxima and minima of the P300 potentials had the tendency to be dislocated to the right in schizophrenics compared with controls. The results indicate low P300 amplitudes to be associated with pervasive cognitive impairment. Future studies will determine whether low P300 amplitudes have prognostic validity for course and outcome of schizophrenic disorders.

ISSN:0302-282X    

DOI:10.1159/000118953

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1993

数据来源: Karger