ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Response to an exogenous calcium load was studied in 7 thyroid-treated sporadic non-goitrous cretins and in 16 normal children. An intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg of body weight of calcium as calcium gluconate was infused over a 3-hr period. Serum samples obtained before and at 1.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 7 hr after the start of the infusion were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. The basc-line calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus values in serum did not differ significantly in the thyroid-treated cretins and in normal children. The infusion of calcium did not alter magnesium levels and no consistent changes were noted in phosphorus levels in either group. Mean increments in calcium levels, however, were significantly greater in the cretins at 1.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 hr after the start of the infusion. The response to calcium infusion in two children with a thyroid-iodine organification defect was similar to that seen in the normal children.SpeculationIt is suggested that the impaired ability of the thyroid-treated nongoitrous cretins to counteract experimentally induced hypercalcemia is the result of calcitonin deficiency

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Antipyrine space (APS) studies in 44 normally grown (NG) neonates revealed estimates of total body water (TBW) comparable to those found by earlier investigators utilizing desiccation analyses. Body water per kilogram of body weight was higher in the 32 premature infants than in the 12 mature neonates, even after correction for presumed changes in body fat during growth (mean APS/lean mass was 846 ml/kg in premature and 782 ml/kg in mature infants,P< 0.01), suggesting less hydration of lean mass with maturity. Cell water (ICW) estimates, obtained by concurrent bromide and antipyrine dilution studies revealed no differences between mature and premature neonates after fat corrections (mean ICW/lcan mass was 391 ml/kg in premature and 368 ml/kg in mature neonates,P> 0.10). Prompt decrease in cell water was evident in the mature NG infants (correlation coefficient for ICW/APSversusstudy age:r= −0.76; ICWversusstudy age:r= −0.58), whereas such changes were absent in the premature infants (ICW/APSversusstudy age:r= −0.08; ICWversusstudy age:r= −0.16).Total water and cell water estimates in 23 intrauterine growth-retarded (IGR) neonates also studied were comparable to those of weight peers (mean APS, 790 ml/kg and ICW, 379 ml/kg in IGR; mean APS, 809 ml/kg and ICW, 375 ml/kg in NG prematures) but considerably in excess of values seen in gestational peers (mean APS, 688 ml/kg and ICW, 324 ml/kg in NG mature infants). The high total body water and cell water values were particularly prominent in the earlier-studied IGR infants (mean APS, 841 ml/kg and ICW, 494 ml/kg); a notable finding was the rapid downward adjustment of cell water to values similar to those in NG mature infants (ICW, 335 ml/kg in later-studied IGR infants and 314 ml/kg in later-studied NG mature neonates). This expansion of cell water in earlier-studied IGR infants persisted despite correction for a presumed total depletion of body fat (ICW/lean mass, 494 ml/kg in IGR infants, and 389 ml/kg in NG mature babies; ICW/APS was 0.56 in IGR neonates and 0.50 in NG mature infants,P< 0.001 for both). These findings indicate a real increase in cell water at birth in the IGR infant.SpeculationChanges in body composition in infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IGR) include sizable expansions, on a per kilogram basis, of all body water compartments. Although these findings resemble those observed in chronic protein-calorie malnutrition, rapid adjustments toward normal in the early hours after birth suggest a more transient, acute expansion, primarily of cell water, in the IGR neonate. These changes may reflect impaired cellular metabolism and increased cell acidity consequent to an increased asphyxial stress of labor and delivery in these infants

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effects on membrane lipid composition of chronicin vivoexposure of adult cells to a fetal plasma environment were studied in eight infants who received repeated intrauterine transfusions for erythroblastosis fctalis. Comparison is made between the lipid composition of the transfused adult cells obtained at delivery and the lipid composition of cells from normal newborn infants, from nontransfused newborn infants with erythroblastosis (EB), and from adult donor cells. Transfused cells which had circulated in the fetus for a minimum of 5–16 days showed a significant increase in membrane cholesterol (transfused cell cholesterol 1.53 mg/cell X 10-10; donor cell cholesterol: 1.26 mg/cell X 10-10). One patient in whom donor cells circulated a minimum of 30 days showed increased levels of total lipid (6.73 mg/cell X 10-10) and lipid phosphorus (1.35) mg/cell X 10-11) as well as cholesterol (1.74 mg/cell X 10-10). These increases in membrane lipid content were not accompanied by increased cell volume.Phospholipid distribution in cells circulating the shorter period was similar to that seen in donor cells except for a lower percentage of combined phosphatidyl serine + phosphatidyl inositol (transfused cells: 10.6% total phosphorus, donor cells: 13.5% total phosphorus). The patient with longer cell circulation had an abnormal phospholipid distribution, similar to that seen in hepatic disease (phosphatidyl choline: 44.4% total phosphorus; donor phosphatidyl choline: 28.4% total phosphorus), and subsequently developed elevated levels of direct bilirubin.Phospholipid fatty acid distribution in the transfused cells more closely resembled the fetal pattern with low levels of linoleic acid (transfused: 5.7% of total fatty acids; donors: 10.0% of total fatty acids). Sensitivity of the transfused erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide hemolysis was elevated in three patients (fetal cell pattern) and low in three patients (adult cell pattern). Lipid values in plasma were similar in transfused patients, in nontransfused infants with EB, and in normal infants except for slight elevations of total phospholipid in the transfused group.SpeculationThe concept that fetal erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin are necessary for intrauterine life would appear untenable inasmuch as it is now apparent that adult erythrocytes with adult hemoglobin can maintain fetal viabilityin utero. Because many of the functional characteristics of the fetal crythrocyte are more directly related to the presence of a fetal red cell membrane than to the presence of fetal hemoglobin, it is possible that the efficacy of adult cellsin uteromay, in part, be related to an ability to adapt to a fetal environment. These studies demonstrate a tendency for transfused adult erythrocytes to alter certain aspects of their lipid composition when exposed to a fetal plasma environmentin vivo

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Thirteen very poor Peruvian families have been followed for a number of years. Fifteen of their children were admitted to the hospital severely malnourished, with a mean height quotient (height age X 100/chronologic age) of 45, at a mean age of 10.6 months. At 3 years of age, mean height quotient was 60.9; at 7 years of age it was 68.9. Forty so-called healthy siblings had height quotients of 62.8 at 1 year, 65.3 at 3 years, and 73.2 at 7 years of age. From 3 to 7 years of age differences were no longer significant. Eighteen siblings were given an optimal diet in a protected environment from shortly after birth until 18–27 months of age. At 18 months of age their mean height quotient was 82.5. Those who remained in the protected environment had a quotient of 85.0 9 months later; those who returned home had a mean height quotient of 64.9 1 year later, no longer significantly different from the “malnourished” and “healthy” siblings. There was no difference in head circumference, at the same height, between the recovered malnourished and those whose nutrition was ideal during the first 18–27 months of life. The head circumference, at the same height, was less than the U.S. 50th percentile and more than the 3rd percentile, suggesting a different genetic constitution.SpeculationAdverse environmental influences affecting nutrition over the entire growth period are probably as important as inheritance in determining eventual stature of children. Catch-up growth, both in height and in head size, can go on for many years after a period of severe malnutrition. Head size, and presumably brain mass, may not be selectively affected by severe malnutrition in early life and may remain a function of body mass

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The transport of two sugars and three amino acids by proximal and distal intestinal segments of 2-, 5-, 10-, 16-, 22-, 26-, 30-, and 70− to 84-day-old rats was investigated. Labeled α-methyl-D-glucoside and D-galactose were the sugars and labeled L-valine, L-lysine, and glycine were the amino acids used. The sugars were selected because they are thought to share a common transport system in the adult rat. Conversely, the three amino acids were selected because they appear to have separate transport systems in the adult rat. Intracellular accumulation was the transport variable investigated.Transport of both sugars and the three amino acids was maximal in early postnatal life (period I; 2–5 days); however, the patterns of decrease in transport to adult levels showed marked variation. The pattern of decrease for both sugars as well as valine was similar, with about 50% of the total decrease occurring betweenperiods IandII(10–16 days), about 33% betweenperiods IIandIII(22–30 days), and 15–20% betweenperiods IIIandIV(70–80 days). The well established predominance of the proximal intestine in sugar transport was not observed untilperiod III. Lysine showed a relatively small decrease, 10%, betweenperiods IandII, the largest decrease betweenperiods IIandIII, 56.4%, and a decrease betweenperiods IIIandIVnearly twice as large as the decrease of any other compound at the comparable age span. Glycine exhibited approximately 70% of its total decrease betweenperiods IandII. The 15% decrease in glycine transport betweenperiods IIandIIIwas less than one-half that shown by any of the other compounds during the same period.These developmental data give further support to the thesis of separate transport systems for neutral, basic, and glycine-preferring amino acids.SpeculationThis study reveals that protein and carbohydrate digestion end products are maximally transported at or shortly after birth. Further, we believe that significant physiologic data may be obtained from the study of the postnatal developmental patterns of digestive processes

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Histochemical staining of alkaline phosphatase was performed on liver tissue of three groups of Wistar rats: (group 1) 44 fetuses between 14 days gestational age and birth; (group 2) 76 neonatal rats between 0 and 10 days of age and; (group 3) 44 neonatal rats between 0 hr and 10 days of age, born to dams subjected to bile duct ligation 2 days before delivery.In tissue from animals ofgroup 1a progressive evolution was observed in the pattern of “canalicular‘’ staining and in the degree of positive reaction obtained.In tissue from animals ofgroup 2a striking deviation from the usual staining pattern observed at birth was seen from the 12th hr on, returning gradually to “normal‘’ by the 10th day. This change resembled different cholestatic conditions seen in tissue of adult rats. From the 6th hr until the 2nd day a slight accumulation of histochemically detectable conjugated bilirubin was observed.In animals fromgroup 3a similarly “abnormal‘’ alkaline phosphatase picture was observed at birth (0 hr), whereas no bilirubin could be visualized. The findings seen in animals ofgroup 2suggest the occurrence of a cholestatic phenomenon in early neonatal life of normal rats, presumably caused by temporary immaturity of the liver secretory function, hepatocytes or bile ducts, or both. The results found in animals ofgroup 3indicate that the sequence of changes observed in the neonatal period can be accelerated by enforcing a secretory load upon the fetal liver.SpeculationA secretory immaturity of the liver cell seen in neonatal rat liver tissue could also exist in human neonatal liver, and may be an important factor in different conditions of human neonatal jaundice. One could further speculate whether the so-called “inspissated bile syndrome” observed in young children with severe hemolysis might not be partly due to a similar immaturity of the excretory mechanisms of the liver cell

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0031-3998    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1971

数据来源: OVID