摘要:

To ascertain the social significance of male genital colouration two troops of vervets, one free-ranging and one caged, were observed. It was found that genital signals were associated with intermale agonism. It is suggested that this communicatory system regulates the behaviour of competitors and may thereby have facilitated the evolution of a multimale social system.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156225

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Investigations of vocal communication in captive groups of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) revealed a repertoire of 17 basic patterns. Sixteen of them were recorded and their physical parameters analysed by sonagrams. During a field study these results were verified and complemented, and additional data on the vocal behaviour of this species were gathered. The vocal repertoire of lion-tailed macaques is characterized by discretely structured, mostly interaction- and situation-specific sound patterns. The fundamental characteristics of vocal communication seem to be adjusted to the acoustic conditions of the rain forest habitat as well as to the social organization in 1-male groups. In contrast to other species of the macaque genus, lion-tailed macaques are highly adapted to a strictly arboreal life in the rain forests of the Western Ghats (South India). Due to the dense vegetation in this habitat, propagation of visual signals is restricted to short distances. Vocal signals are therefore of great importance. The vocal repertoire of lion-tailed macaques differs from that of more terrestrial macaques insofar as the basic patterns show comparatively insignificant structural variations. Also, patterns were recorded which have not yet been found in any other member of the genus.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156226

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The traditional view that tarsiers are more closely related to middle Tertiary European microchoerines is supported by a new examination of the gross anatomy of the basicranium. Tarsius shares with Necrolemur and Microchoerus a suite of characters spanning several subsystems of the skull: the craniofacial junction, bony proportions of the basicranium, morphology of the pterygoids and the temporomandibular joint. Comparisons with other omomyids, adapids, plesiadapiforms and modern primates suggest that the states and combinations common to Tarsius, Necrolemur and Microchoerus are derived. Fewer components can be established in Tetonius, Pseudoloris and Nannopithex, whereas only primitive tarsiiform traits are evident in Rooneyia. Functional interpretations lend confidence to the inference that these phenetically very similar traits are homologous in Tarsius and its ‘necrolemur’ allies, and demonstrate their coordination with other synapomorphies of the cranium and postcranium. Necrolemurs appear to have undergone an adaptive transition to a crepuscular life-style, relying on insects significantly, using a powerful incisal killing bite, employing specialized auditory and optical prey detection techniques, and stealthy sit-and-wait foraging habits involving an important degree of leaping locomotion. These behaviors would have been preadaptive to the biology of tarsiers, and are built upon a homologous framework of derived tarsiiform characterist

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156227

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Diurnal variations in normal hemogram, total serum protein and serum iron are documented in 6 adult owl monkeys, Aotus trivirgatus gríseimembra, maintained in an artificial LD 12:12 (35:0.08 1x) with light phase from 03.00 to 15.00 h Central European time. Statistically significant high amplitude rhythms occurred in total leukocyte and in eosinophil numbers with acrophases at 06.35 and 09.53 h, respectively. Erythrocyte numbers and hemoglobin concentration showed statistically significant low amplitude rhythms with almost identical acrophases. Total serum protein exhibited a 10% daily fluctuation. Serum iron concentration showed high amplitude daily variations with a 60% mean range of oscillation

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156228

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The initial confrontations of 33 previously unfamiliar pairs of common marmosets were observed. Four types of pairs were used (alpha males/alpha females; alpha males/subdominant females; alpha females/subdominant males; subdominant males/sub-dominant females). Each dyad was tested in five different experimental conditions: (1) isolation of both individuals from their families, unilateral encounters in which either the (2) male’s or the (3) female’s family was visible to the dyad through a one-way screen, and interactive encounters in which either the (4) male’s or the (5) female’s family was present behind a wire screen. Pairs which included alpha females exhibited no affiliative, practically no sexual, but high levels of aggressive behaviors. Pairs which included subdominant females exhibited affiliative, high levels of sexual, and practically no aggressive behaviors. Behavior was reduced qualitatively as well as quantitatively with increasing presence of the families. Possible functional aspects of the results are di

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156229

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The behavior of animals without rearing experience towards adult, infant-carrying animals and towards the infants being carried, and the reactions of the adult, infant-carrying animals in the latter case are described here on the basis of the observations made of three family groups of Callithrix jacchus (marmosets). In about 50% of the episodes observed, the animals without rearing experience do not establish physical contact with either the infant carrier or the infant; up to 10% of the time they interact with other group members who are also in the vicinity of the infant-carrying animal, physical contact with either the infant carrier (a parent infant carrier is preferred) or the infant accounts for half of the remaining episodes, respectively. More than half of the time when an animal without rearing experience seeks contact with them, the infant carriers do not display any interactive behavior. The percentage of dissociative behavior is highest when the animals without rearing experience seek physical contact with the infants. The percentage of associative behavior is highest when these animals seek physical contact with the infant carrier. Infant carriers break off contact more frequently than do the inexperienced animals. The reaction spectra of the parents differ from those of the adult sons and daughters. The results point to a relatively high level of tolerance on the whole, on the part of the infant-carrying animals; they only react agonistically in situations that are potentially hazardous for the infant. Previous observations have to be qualified by means of the quantified data.

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156230

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156231

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger

ISSN:0015-5713    

DOI:10.1159/000156224

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1985

数据来源: Karger