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1. |
Anti-Predation Benefits in a Mixed-Species Group of Amazonian Tamarins |
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Folia Primatologica,
Volume 61,
Issue 2,
1993,
Page 61-76
Carlos A. Peres,
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摘要:
Because of their small body size, tamarins are potentially vulnerable to a wide range of predator species. This paper examines the general patterns of predator avoidance of the Avila-Pires saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis avilapiresi) and the red-cap moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax pileatus) in the upper Urucu river, Amazonas, Brazil. One highly stable mixed-species group of these species suffered an average of 1 attack by carnivorous raptors every 8.8 days of activity. Although none of these attacks was successful, tamarins occasionally fall prey to raptors or terrestrial predators. The two tamarin species exhibited a high degree of coordination in their anti-predation tactics. Saddle-back tamarins accounted for most of the vigilance and detection of terrestrial and scansorial threats, whereas moustached tamarins scanned for and detected most aerial and arboreal threats. Of the two species, however, moustached tamarins contributed a significantly greater proportion of scanning time after predation attempts, during pre-retirement periods and at other times. Moreover, their substantially larger groups (1.6 times larger than those of saddle-back tamarins) accounted for a further increase in their effective vigilance effort. The anti-predation benefits gained by saddle-back tamarins from joining mixed-species groups with moustached tamarins thus appeared to be greater than the reverse, because the latter provide greater protection to the group, particularly against aerial sources of threat. However, the greater vigilance of saddle-back tamarins towards potential terrestrial predators cannot be discounted, because these may on rarer occasions pose a real threat to either species. Collective protection against predators may thus represent an important factor maintaining the widespread and bilaterally reinforced interspecific associations observed with Amazonian tamarins.
ISSN:0015-5713
DOI:10.1159/000156732
出版商:S. Karger AG
年代:1993
数据来源: Karger
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2. |
Effects of Tourists on Barbary Macaques at Gibraltar |
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Folia Primatologica,
Volume 61,
Issue 2,
1993,
Page 77-91
Helen O’Leary,
John E. Fa,
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摘要:
Interactions between tourists and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Queen’s Gate, Gibraltar, are described. Interaction rates are high, with 99.6 interactions/h at peak times. Macaques spend 13.2% of their day interacting with tourists and 41.9% inactive. An overall ratio of 3.2:1 between human-initiated and macaque-initiated interactions was found. Of interactions involving humans, 85% concerned tourists. Diurnal activity patterns of the macaques were adapted to tourist visitation patterns. Old animals initiated more food-related interactions than younger ones. Infants/juveniles were the commonest class in contacts with humans and vehicles. Interactions involving more than one macaque were rare. High interaction rates were recorded for mothers and babie
ISSN:0015-5713
DOI:10.1159/000156733
出版商:S. Karger AG
年代:1993
数据来源: Karger
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3. |
Male Dispersal among Free-Ranging Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Venezuela |
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Folia Primatologica,
Volume 61,
Issue 2,
1993,
Page 92-96
G. Agoramoorthy,
R. Rudran,
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PDF (1622KB)
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ISSN:0015-5713
DOI:10.1159/000156734
出版商:S. Karger AG
年代:1993
数据来源: Karger
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4. |
Notes on the Primates of the Juruá River, Western Brazilian Amazonia |
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Folia Primatologica,
Volume 61,
Issue 2,
1993,
Page 97-103
Carlos A. Peres,
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PDF (2623KB)
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ISSN:0015-5713
DOI:10.1159/000156735
出版商:S. Karger AG
年代:1993
数据来源: Karger
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5. |
Allomaternal Care in the Black Howler Monkey (Alouatta caraya) |
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Folia Primatologica,
Volume 61,
Issue 2,
1993,
Page 104-109
Cláudia Calegaro-Marques,
Júlio César Bicca-Marques,
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PDF (1715KB)
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ISSN:0015-5713
DOI:10.1159/000156736
出版商:S. Karger AG
年代:1993
数据来源: Karger
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6. |
Superiority of Conspecific Faces and Reduced Inversion Effect in Face Perception by a Chimpanzee |
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Folia Primatologica,
Volume 61,
Issue 2,
1993,
Page 110-114
Masaki Tomonaga,
Shoji Itakura,
Tetsuro Matsuzawa,
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PDF (1815KB)
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ISSN:0015-5713
DOI:10.1159/000156737
出版商:S. Karger AG
年代:1993
数据来源: Karger
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