摘要:

AbstractSister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration induction were determined for several inorganic metal salts. Arsenic, nickel, and beryllium salts at concentrations effective in causing transformation of Syrian hamster cells (HEC) induced SCE and chromosome aberrations of HEC and human lymphocytes, whereas sodium tungstate, a non‐transforming chemical, neither induced SCE nor chromosome aberrations. Normal human and hamster cells exhibited equal sensitivity to SCE induction; nontoxic concentrations of sodium arsenite, beryllium sulfate, and nickel sulfate caused an increase of 8–10 SCE/cell over control values. Sodium arsenite, a trivalent arsenic, and sodium arsenate, a pentavalent arsenic, produced increases in SCE but the former was effective at lower concentrations. Both arsenic salts were less efficient in inducing SCE in human whole blood than in purified lymphocyte cultures. Sodium arsenite, sodium arsenate, nickel sulfate, and beryllium sulfate also caused damage consisting primarily of chromatid type of aberrations. In HEC, with doses most effective in SCE induction, all four metals produced aberrations in 16–21% of cells. In human lymphocytes, 34 and 30% of the cells had chromosome damage after sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate, respectively, whereas beryllium sulfate or nickel sulfate caused damage in about 10% of the cells. The induction of SCE and chromosomal aberrations by metals reemphasizes the sensitivity of cytological assays and their importance for detecting genetic damage caused by carcin

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have demonstrated the utility of an Escherichia coli microsuspension assay to detect and characterize chemical mediation of DNA damage by a wide variety of mutagens and carcinogens. The assay has been improved by the development of a microsuspension modification to the Bacillus subtilis “rec” assay. The addition of these gram‐positive organisms has allowed detection of DNA damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 3‐aminopyrene (3‐AP), 7, 12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 3‐methylcholanthrene (3‐MC), and 4‐nitrobiphenyl (4‐NBP). Data presented in this paper from tests of 61 additional compounds, including a representative number of direct and promutagenic agents, indicate that the B subtilis H17 and M45 strains provide an effective microbial system for identification of DNA damage susceptible to postreplicational repair. The results of this study further suggests that the inclusion of these strains in the microsuspension assay for DNA damage will markedly enhance the detection of agents which cannot readily penetrate the intact

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mutagenic activity of ambient air particles from Morgantown, West Virginia, has been monitored for 6 months using the Ames Salmonella assay system. Airborne particles, collected on glass fiber filters using a Hi‐Vol sampler, were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) and/or ethyl acetate plus methanol (E + M) in sequence. A dose‐dependent mutagenic response was observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 for DCM extracts from all samples. E + M extracts were mutagenic only when samples were extracted with E + M before DCM extraction. The mutagenic activity of samples collected in June and July was independent of S‐9 in vitro activation, whereas the mutagenicity of those collected from October to December increased in the presence of S‐9 activation. The class fractionation of extracts showed that only acidic and polynuclear aromatic fractions were mutagenic. The mutagenicity of particles from Morgantown air was also detected with the Salmonella arabinose‐resistant ass

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell cycle analyses in human fibroblasts were used to ascertain the relative genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of aniline and its metabolites. Fibroblasts were allowed to attach to plastic petri dishes for 4 hr and exposed in serum‐free medium for 2 hr to the following: aniline HCl (0.05–10.0 mM), acetanilide (0.1–10.0 mM), o‐hydroxyacetanilide (0.01–2.0 mM), p‐hydroxyacetanilide (0.1–10.0 mM), o‐aminophenol (0.01–0.3 mM), p‐aminophenol (0.005–0.2 mM), N‐phenylhydroxylamine (0.001–0.5 mM). Triethylenemelamine (TEM; 0.25 and 0.49 μM) was used as a positive control. The treatment medium was replaced with complete medium containing 5‐bromo‐deoxyuridine (10 μM), and cells were allowed to grow for 48 hr with Colcemid present for the final 4.5 hr. Cell cycle analyses (percentage of cells in first, second, or third division) revealed that p‐hydroxyacetanilide (10mM), p‐aminophenol (≥0.1 mM), o‐aminophenol (≥0.1 mM), N‐phenylhydroxylamine (≥ mM), and TEM (0.49 μM) inhibited cell proliferation. Cell death was seen at doses of 0.5 mM N‐phenylhydroxylamine, 0.2 mM p‐aminophenol, and 0.3 mM o‐aminophenol. Significant increases (P0.05) in SCE frequencies were found with aniline HCl, o‐aminophenol, N‐phenylhydroxylamine, and TEM. On an SCE/mmole basis at the highest concentrations examined, o‐aminophenol was 270 times more potent than aniline in inducing SCE, whereas TEM was about 390 times more potent than o‐aminophenol. Furthermore, fibroblasts treated with o‐aminophenol responded in a dose‐dependent fashion and exhibited a 2‐fold increase in SCE frequency. N‐phenylhydroxylamine induced a less clear‐cut, dose‐related increase in SCE frequency with a 1.4‐fold elevation. Only marginal increases in SCE were observed with aniline at the highest doses. Using these data, we propose that aniline may exert its tumorigenic potential

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChemical and mutagenic characteristics of TRP‐P‐1, TRP‐P‐2, GLU‐P‐1, GLU‐P‐2, GLOB‐P‐1, and GLOB‐P‐2 were evaluated. We synthesized TRP‐P‐1 and TRP‐P‐2 and also obtained samples of these compounds from a commercial source. By GC‐MS analysis, the samples of TRP‐P‐2, GLUs, and GLOBs were more than 99% pure; but the samples of TRP‐P‐1 contained 11–17% of different impurities. These impurities had no effect on the mutagenicity of these chemicals in the Ames test using either strain TA98 or TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. All six compounds were inactive without metabolic activation and the γ‐carbolines (TRPs) were more active in both strains than the α‐carbolines (GLOBs). GLU‐P‐1 was the most active of the promutagens tested in both TA98 (41,000 revertants/μg) and TA100 (6,580 revertants (μg). In TA98 the order of activity was GLU‐P‐1>TRP‐P‐2>TRP‐P‐1>GLU‐P‐2 ≅ GLOB‐P‐2>GLOB‐P‐1. In TA100 the order of activity was GLU‐P‐1 ≫ GLU‐P‐2>TRP‐P‐2 ≅ TRP‐P‐1 ≫ GLOB‐P‐1 ≅ GLOB‐P‐2. We determined the UV absorption and fluorescence characteristics of these compounds, and of HM and NHM, and established an HPLC

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of nitrofurantoin and AF‐2 in stationary phase cells were compared with the effects in log phase cells. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploid strain D7 was used. This strain can be used to monitor lethality, gene conversion, mitotic gene recombination, and reversion. Stationary phase cells were not sensitive to nitrofurantoin, but treatment of log phase cells did result in the induction of lethality and gene conversion. Log phase cells were approximately 10 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of AF‐2 than were stationary phase cells. The AF‐2 induced increase in frequencies of gene conversion and mitotic recombination per surviving cell were similar in both log and stationary phase cells. Gene reversion was induced by AF‐2 in stationary cells, but no revertants were induced in log cells. Measurement of nitroreductase activity gave values for log phase cells which were five to sixfold greater than for stationary phase cells. The increased sensitivity of log phase cells to nitrofurans could therefore be in part due to an increased activation of these compounds. It is concluded that the use of log phase cells is optimal for the detection of induced gene conversion and recombination by nitro co

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChinese hamster V‐79 cells, when grown in suspension culture as multicell spheroids, display many of the features of organized tissue. AF‐2, a known mutagen, was used to examine the influence of some of these factors on mutagenesis. Since AF‐2 is fluorescent, FCM quantitation of intracellular drug content was performed after incubation of spheroids under either aerobic or hypoxic conditions. For the same level of toxicity, hypoxic spheroids accumulated twice as much AF‐2 as aerobic spheroids, but showed less than half the number of mutants resistant to 6‐thioguanine. Using velocity sedimentation techniques, a selective increase in the toxic and mutagenic effects of AF‐2 was found for internal vs external cells of the spheroids. However, in mutagenicity experiments using all the cells from spheroids, the response of the external cycling cells predominated over the response of the internal cells. Thus, in addition to the demonstration that cellular environment can modify mutagenesis, these results also suggest that the growth fraction of the target cells can be an important consideration in mutation

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe genotoxicities of organic extracts of airborne particles have been studied extensively in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome (Ames) test, but in few other bioassays. In these studies, we tested benzene‐acetone extracts of particulate pollutants collected in Lexington, Kentucky, for capacity to induce increases in sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes and V79 cells, as well as in the Ames assay. Extracts induced linear dose‐related increases in SCE in human lymphocytes and in bacterial revertants. However, variable responses were observed in SCE assays in V79 cells with and without activation by rat liver S9 or feeder layers of irradiated Syrian hamster fetal cells. We conclude that the SCE assay in human lymphocytes may be a useful indicator of the potential risks to humans of airborne particulate pollutants, as it utilizes human cells recently taken from the host, is rapid and economical, and requires small quantities of test materials. However, thorough studies of the quantitative relationships between SCE induction and mutagenicity in human cells are nee

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExcision repair‐deficientmei‐9afemales of Drosophila melanogaster strongly potentiate complete and partial sex chromosome loss induced in the paternal genome by procarbazine and diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Repair‐proficient and postreplication repair‐deficientmei‐41D5,mus101, andmus104females fail to enhance the frequency of procarbazine‐induced chromosome loss. Whereasmus101produces a more modest but significantly higher frequency of complete but not partial loss induced by DEN, results are negative for both categories of loss withmei‐41D5,mus104, and repair‐pro

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY