摘要:

AbstractDuring the past ten years we have made a great deal of progress toward the general acceptance of the need for mass‐screening programs to identify environmental chemicals with mutagenic activity. At every meeting of this society new examples are given of mutagens to which substantial portions of the population are exposed. But as a group we are still wrestling with the problem of the development of an effective mechanism for such testing on a still larger scale. It is the problems associated with the development of these mass‐screening programs that I want to bring to your attention this aftern

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPaper recycling industries generate considerable quantities of waterborne wastes, and thus water pollution constitutes the greatest environmental problem associated with this industrial activity [Hunt and Franklin, 1973]. Generally the impact of this water pollution is considered in terms of aesthetic blight and deterioration of water quality. We present data that document another aspect of this pollution, the environmental contamination of an aquatic ecosystem with mutagenic materials.A natural population of the fern Osmunda regalis growing in a river heavily polluted with paper recycling wastes had a high incidence of chromosome mutations. This population was monitored for four years for the frequency of two‐break chromosome mutations. These mutations were postzygotic in origin and suggested the presence of mutagens in the river water. The fern population is downstream from the outfalls of a paper recycling mill, which was discharging 13.3 ± 106liters of untreated paper recycling waste per day.In 1977 a waste‐water‐treatment facility was constructed to remove the solid waste previously discharged into the river. This facility generates 69,300 kg of solid waste daily, which is taken to a landfill. Periodic samples of this solid waste were collected from the waste‐treatment facility in the summer of 1978, extracted with various solvents, and the extracts tested for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test [Ames et al, 1975]. A majority of the solid waste samples contained mutagenic materials, but in all cases S‐9 activation was required for mutagenic activity. The samples also were assayed with the soybean mitotic crossing‐over assay [Vig, 1975]. Four out of six samples were positive.These results document the presence of mutagens in the solid waste generated by a paper recycling industry and the genetic impact of these mutagens on the

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale frogs (Rana pipiens) were injected intraperitoneally with triethylenemel‐amine (TEM). The injected males were held for seven days to permit TEM interaction with sperm. The TEM‐treated males were then spermiated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the ova of normal females were inseminated with the sperm. Direct observation was made of in vitro fertilized ova, cleavage, blastulation, and subsequent embryonic development. No differences were detected between the controls and treated animals from any experimental group for fertilization, cleavage, and blastulation. Dose‐related morphologic abnormalities first became apparent at the time of gastrulation; the capability of hatched embryos to swim was affected by TEM. Metaphase chromosomes were studied from randomly selected embryos, and the prevalence of chromosomal structural abnormalities increased with dose over a range of 13–1,300 μg TEM per kilog

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdult female mice were twice treated orally with 15, 30, or 60 mg busulfan per kg of body weight. In bone marrow, a dose‐dependent linear increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed. Similar to the effects of other alkylating agents, busulfan induced all types of aberrations, including exchanges.In metaphase II oocytes, only a few chromosome aberrations were observed. An intervening round of DNA‐replication seems to be necessary to translate busulfan‐induced lesions in oocytes into chromosome aberrations.In embryonic liver cells of transplacentally exposed mice, chromosome aberrations were in

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdult males of 20 different stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, including 16 with various X‐linked mutagen‐sensitive mutations, were tested for sensitivity to the lethal action of methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) in a continuous feeding experiment. It was impossible to establish a correlation between MMS‐toxicity in adults and MMS‐toxicity in larvae. In addition, experiments to examine the fertility of MMS‐treated flies of four mutagen‐sensitive strains and one wild‐type strain were performed. These experiments demonstrated that the spermatogonia ofmei‐9L1andmei‐41D5in larvae and in adults are more sensitive to MMS than the spermatogonia of the wild‐type strain or the other two mutage

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifferences greater than 6,000‐fold in the mutagenic potency of three nitro‐samides that are methylating agents [N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU), N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N‐nitrosocarbaryl (NC)] could be accounted for in part by differences in their uptake into the Haemophilus influenzae cells. Uptake was roughly correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient. The most potent mutagen, NC, was concentrated by the cells. The least potent, MNU, was essentially excluded from the bacteria. Uptake was a linear function of concentration, whereas induction of novobiocin‐resistant mutations followed higher‐order kinetics. The effective dose of chemical to the bacteria (number of molecules taken up) under conditions of muta

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA cytogenetic analysis was performed in 28 mercury‐exposed subjects as well as eight control subjects from the same chloralkali plant and in 12 healthy controls from the “general population.” No chromosomal effects could be demonstrated in the mercury‐exposed population in comparison with both control groups. Also no effect of smoking was observed. From the study it seems obvious that mercury, although it is capable of producing chromosomal damage even at low exposure levels, will not be harmful in this respect when adequate protection measures ar

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe in vivo metabolic activation of several mutagenic compounds was assayed in the bile of rats, with Salmonella typhimurium as the indicator organism. It was determined that for some compounds, particularly the aromatic amines, a substantial percentage of the compound was excreted into the bile as either a nonmutagenic glucuronide conjugate or a mutagenic metabolite of the compound. Relatively low doses of the chemical were detected, and it was possible to follow the excretion pattern of the compounds over the collection period.

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn vivo nitrosation of dimethylamine by nitrite was measured with an intrahepatic host‐mediated mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium as the detecting organism. It was possible to detect the product, N‐nitrosodimethylamine, at much lower doses with this system than with previously reported in vivo systems. This and other improvements made it possible to detect the formation of nitrosodimethylamine from relatively low levels of gavaged precurs

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860010311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY