ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple scheme has been developed for confirming the phenotype of the standard set of Salmonella typhimurium tester strains. This scheme employs a series of filter paper discs impregnated with diagnostic mutagens or bacterial toxins. Up to 6 diagnostic discs can be placed on a petri dish to test a single Salmonella strain. The Salmonellae are distinguished by their responses to ampicillin, crystal violet, nitrofurantoin, 9‐aminoacridine, 4‐nitro‐o‐phenylenediamine and sodiu

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of diesel fuel aromatics detected polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from naphthalenes to phenanthrenes, but no four‐ or five‐ring aromatics. This aromatic fraction treated with NO2was found to contain nitro‐aromatics, but only the naphthalene and biphenyl nitro‐aromatics were detectable by direct GC/MS. By reduction of the nitro groups to amines, diazotization and reduction to yield aryl‐iodides, it was possible to demonstrate that nitro‐derivatives of most of the starting aromatics were present after NO2‐treatment. Diesel fuel was separated into aliphatic and aromatic fractions by extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide. These fractions were devoid of mutagenic activity in the Ames bioassay and exhibited low cytotoxicity to CHO cells in culture. However, after reaction with NO2, the products contained frameshift mutagens which did not require activation by S‐9 microsomal enzymes. The biological activity of the NO2‐treated aromatic fraction from fuel was more than 40 times greater in Salmonella TA100 than fuel aliphatics treated with NO2. The LC50to CHO cells in culture increased more than fivefold for aromatics and more than tenfold for aliphatics. Similar to the diesel exhaust particulate extract, the cytotoxicity of the nitrated fractions was decreased by serum and glutathione. Reaction of fuel aromatics with NO2may be one mechanism which contributes to the formation of cytotoxic and mutagenic activities

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to dilutions of shale oil retort process waters obtained from three different retorting processes located in the Green River oil shale formations in the western part of the United States. Although the intensity of the response was dictated by the process water used, all induced a cytotoxic (reduction in colony‐forming ability) and mutagenic (induced at the hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus) response in cells pretreated with dilutions of the waters and subsequent exposure to near ultraviolet light (NUV). Combinations of process water plus NUV yielded mutation frequencies as great as 50% that witnessed for the mutation frequency induced by the potent carcinogen far ultraviolet light. NUV alone was nontoxic and nonmutagenic at the doses of radiation used. Exposure of CHO cells in the dark to nontoxic dilutions of the process waters resulted in small but significant increases in 6‐thioguanine resistant mutants (1–2 times background rates). The biological consequences resulting from the disposal of retort process waters into the delicate environment present in this oil shale region could be further complicated by this photoactivating

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the fungicides captan and folpet were determined in the CHO/HGPRT system which utilizes Chinese hamster ovary cells and resistance to 6‐thioguanine to estimate mutation induction at the hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus. Treatment of cultures with each compound for 5 hr in serum‐free medium resulted in reproducible, significant, concentration‐dependent increases in the frequency of 6‐thioguanine‐resist

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of the established mutagenesis assay in Paramecium as a prescreen for hazardous environmental particles is described. Since these protozoans ingest particles of the size respired by animals and man, the biological effects of the respirable fraction of fly ash particles were monitored in particle‐feeding eukaryotic cells. Fly ash from coal combustion was utilized for these studies and was found to be mutagenic. The effects of physical and chemical treatment of the particle mutagenicity provided evidence for both heat‐stable, heat‐labile and acid extractable mutagenic a

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies involving the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test and the Bacillus subtilis comptest have demonstrated that the soluble organic fraction of diesel particulate is potentially mutagenic and DNA damaging. The soluble organic fraction was extracted from exhaust particulate samples collected from four different diesel engines operated at specified conditions. For each fraction collected, an increase in the concentration of the organic material resulted in a subsequent increase in the number of histidine prototrophs obtained when this material was added to the histidine auxotrophic strains that comprise the Ames Salmonella test. Specifically, the number of induced revertants, for strains TA98 and TA100, ranged from less than one revertant per μg of sample to 29 revertants per μg of sample. The ability of these organic fractions to induce bacterial SOS functions also was determined by exposing competent cultures of Bacillus subtilis strain RUB827 to increasing concentrations of these extracts. With varying efficiencies, these samples were positive in their ability to induce the SOS system of B subtilis. Significantly, the toxicity of these mutagenic and DNA damaging samples never resulted in more than 95% killing, even for the highest concentrations tested in the Salmonella and B subtilis assa

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe chemotherapeutic agent cis‐platinum(II)diamminedichloride (cis‐PDD) has been shown to be mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. We determined the cytogenetic effects of cis‐PDD on human and rabbit lymphocytes in vitro and on rabbit marrow cells, lymph node cells, and lymphocytes in vivo. Lymphocyte cultures from two humans and one rabbit were treated in vitro with cis‐PDD. For in vivo studies, five New Zealand white rabbits were given iv injections of cis‐PDD. Posttreatment blood samples were withdrawn for analysis and rabbits were sacrificed at either 6 or 24 hr for cytogenetic analysis of marrow and node cells. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis of human and rabbit metaphases from lymphocytes treated in vitro showed that rabbit lymphocytes are more sensitive to SCE induction by cis‐PDD. Significant increases in SCE were observed in lymphocyte cultures obtained as early as 1 hr post treatment from injected rabbits. Analysis of node, marrow, and lymphocyte metaphases from injected rabbits showed a high number of chromosome aberrations in these cells with bone marrow showing a delayed response to treatment. These results indicate that cis‐PDD is clastogenic in hematopoietic tissues in vivo and that SCE methodology may be useful in monitoring patients receiving ci

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy using an appropriate scheme, various combinations of losses and gains of chromosomes I and II arising in oocytes of Drosophila melanogaster were obtained. The frequencies of these combinations can be arranged as special sequences or patterns which we call “aneuploidy patterns.” Aneuploidy patterns were established for spontaneous, colchicine‐induced, and X‐ray=induced exceptions and were shown to be highly specific for the agent tested. Such patterns can be obtained very quickly, because only exceptional progeny survive. By establishing aneuploidy patterns for chemical agents one would get information on the “aneuploidizing” action of the compo

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBotryodiplodin, a mycotoxin synthesized by some strains of Penicillium roqueforti was tested for lethal and mutagenic effects on Salmonella typhimurium (TA98). Botryodiplodin was active in the histidine reversion system without metabolic activation.

ISSN:0192-2521    

DOI:10.1002/em.2860030311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY