摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as techniques to determine linear morphometric measurements of several parameters of the right and left lumbar intervertebral foramina (IVFs). Specifically, the greatest superior‐to‐inferior diameter and anterior‐to‐posterior diameter of the lumbar IVFs were measured in a cadaveric imaging phantom. The phantom was first measured directly with vernier calipers and then embedded in gelatin to simulate soft tissue. It was then scanned with two types of protocols each for CT and MRI. The scanned images were transferred directly from the imaging units to optical disks, which were then read using an optical disk drive. The measurements taken directly from the phantom were then taken from the scans using a Macintosh II computer interfaced with the optical disk drive. The results showed that both sagittally reformatted CT images and sagittal MRI images were clinically and statistically reliable and valid methods for linear evaluation of the IVF in the sagittal plane. However, measurements made from the MRI scans were found to be more accurate than those made from the CT scans. The results of this study should help increase understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of both imaging modalities in the sagittal evaluation of the lumbar IVFs. The results may also help with the future evaluation of the IVF in the condition known as nerve root canal stenosis. This study also indicates that a normal morphometric database from the MRI scans of normal human subjects should be developed. © 1994 Wiley

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAbsorption from the peritoneal cavity by lymphatics of the diaphragm is of considerable surgical importance. The pattern of lymphatic drainage from the diaphragm of the rat, used as an experimental model, was studied following intraperitoneal injection of diluted India ink. Peritoneal absorption of ink was remarkably rapid. Within 1 minute, subperitoneal lymphatic lacunae filled with ink. The lacunae ran radially between muscular fibers of the diaphragm and were confined only to the muscular part of the diaphragm. The regional lymph drainage from the diaphragm was predominantly to the mediastinal lymph nodes (parathymic and posterior mediastinal nodes) by way of the retrosternal and intercosto‐paravertebral lymph trunks, and also to retroperitoneal lymph nodes (cisternal and renal nodes) by the retroperitoneal lymphatic trunks. These data indicate that the cranial drainage of lymph from the peritoneal cavity, mainly by way of the retrosternal lymphatic trunks, predominates over the caudal drainage route and thoracic duct; the intercosto‐paravertebral, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal lymphatic channels are only secondary pathways. Knowledge of these lymphatic routes may prove valuable clinically in peritoneal dialysis and in the prediction of the spread of the animal's own cells (e.g., lymphocytes and macrophages), of tumor cells and of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity. © 1994 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 15 rats the morphology and distribution of stomata and mesothelial cells of the diaphragm and of different serosal areas were studied by light and electron microscopy. Cell surface patterns, identified by SEM, varied according to location. Mesothelial cells of the diaphragmatic peritoneum were either cuboidal or flattened. Stomata were found only among cuboidal cells and were consistently and exclusively observed on the muscular part of the diaphragm, predominantly on the peritoneal surface. Stomata appeared oval or rounded, 4–10 μm in diameter. When India ink was introduced into the peritoneal cavity as a tracer, carbon particles were rapidly removed through stomata into the subjacent lymphatic lacunae of the diaphragm. Mesothelium overlying the diaphragm differed morphologically from that over the remaining peritoneal and pleural cavities. Mesothelium of the latter formed a continuous sheet of flattened cells whose surfaces were studded with numerous microvilli. Stomata were absent. It is suggested that stomata are exclusive to the diaphragm and may serve as the main drainage channels for fluid and particles from the peritoneal cavity. This has important clinical implications. Thus stomata could represent a liability by providing a route for the escape of tumor cells and pathogens from the peritoneal cavity. However, they may represent an asset by providing an accessible route for blood transfusion and for peritoneal dialysis in treating chronic renal failure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDetailed dissections were performed bilaterally on 90 human adult cadavers to obtain more accurate data on the course and origin of the subclavian lymphatics and especially of the subclavian lymphatic trunk. We classified these into four types from the morphology. Type A (46.1 %): The subclavian lymphatics were located along the medial edge of the subclavian vein edge close to the lateral thoracic wall. In this type, the subclavian lymphatics consisted of the subclavian node chain, interconnecting vessels, and short lymph trunks. Type B (20.0%): A large connecting vessel ran along the lateral edge of the subclavian vein or on the subclavian artery, with the result that the trunk was located away from the thoracic wall. In the Type B configuration, the vessels originated from the nodes near the origin of the thoracoacromial artery. Type C (21.7%): The Type B large collecting vessel was observed with the Type A subclavian lymphatics. Type D (12.2%): Lymph vessels were too fine to be found and dissected in the subclavian lymphatics. These observations provide critical information for an unproved clinical examination and lymphatic resection of breast cancer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe internal thoracic artery (ita) is of value as a coronary artery bypass graft. It is much less prone to develop atheroma than coronary arteries and much less prone to develop graft occlusive disease than the alternative saphenous vein graft, but the reasons for its comparative resistance to atheroma are unclear. We have sought to define the detailed structure of the artery along its length and have shown that the media of the artery changes from an elastic structure in its proximal part to a muscular one in its distal part. The internal elastic lamina has a well‐defined structure at all levels, in contrast to the external elastic lamina which becomes well defined only in its distal part. The significant difference in the structure of the media of the ita, compared to that described for the coronary arteries, may be relevant to the observed difference in atheroma between this artery and the similarly sized epicardial coronary arteries. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA description is given of anomalies in the first two unpaired midline branches of the abdominal aorta. The celiac trunk was unusually long. It gave a small branch which passed to theleftcrus of the diaphragm. This branch also gave theleftsuperior suprarenal artery. The main trunk of the celiac trunk ended in a T‐shaped bifurcation; one limb of the T was the right gastric artery and the other gave off the hepatic artery proper and continued as the gastrorduodenal and pancreatico‐duodenal system, as usual. No left gastric artery was found. Of special note is the particularly rare anomalous origin of the splenic artery from the superior mesenteric artery. The vessels involved in this anomalous system were measured. © 1994 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis report presents the renal venous architecture in a case of a duplex kidney with crossed fused ectopia. The renal venous anatomy as defined by venography and resin cast preparation is described. The internal venous flow pattern was demonstrated to be non‐lobar and non‐segmental. Renal vein valves were not observed. © 1994 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0897-3806    

DOI:10.1002/ca.980070411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY