摘要:

Two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), Al‐sensitive ‘Dayton’ and Al‐tolerant ‘Kearney’, were grown under controlled environmental conditions to determine the influence of Al stress and water stress imposed separately and in combination with one another. Plants were grown for 4 weeks in polyethylene‐lined, waxed cartons containing 1 kg of acid, Al‐toxic, Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic Hapludult) at high (pH 4.7) or low (pH 6.6) Al stress. During the final 2 weeks they were also subjected to low (‐20 to ‐40 kPa) or high (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) water stress. Under low water stress, little difference in the growth or appearance of the two cultivars was found, even in the presence of low Al stress (pH 6.6). When high water stress treatment was superimposed on low Al stress treatment, however, significant differences between the two cultivars in biomass production, leaf enlargement, and tillering resulted. When high water stress was combined with high Al stress (pH 4.7), these differences in vegetative growth were further magnified. Thus, drought exacerbates the stress effects of Al toxicity in plants and may account for a significant portion of the reduction in yield commonly observed in acid soils under field conditions and formerly attributed to Al toxicity alone. By increasing soil moisture level, the growth suppressive effect of Al toxicity was significantly reduced.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363808

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The separate and combined effects of water and Al stress on concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Al, Sr, and Ba were determined in tops of ‘Dayton’ (Al‐tolerant) and ‘Kearney’ (Al‐sensitive) barley (Hordeum vulgäreL.) grown in an acid, Al‐toxic, Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic Hapludult). Plants were grown 4 weeks in a plant growth chamber at high (pH 4.7) or low (pH 6.6) Al stress. During the last 2 weeks they were also subjected to low (‐20 to ‐40 kPa), moderate (‐40 to ‐60 kPa), or high (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) water stress. In general, Al stress had a greater overall effect on mineral element concentration of tops than water stress. Aluminum stress significantly decreased concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg and increased concentrations of Zn, Sr, and Ba, irrespective of the cultivar or water stress treatment. Cultivar differences in Mn concentration were observed with Al stress under all water stress conditions. In each case, Mn concentration was lower in ‘Kearney’ than in ‘Dayton’. Potassium, Ca, and Mg were lower in ‘Kearney’ than in ‘Dayton’ only at low and moderate water stress, under low Al stress, ‘Kearney’ had significantly higher concentrations of K and Ca than did ‘Dayton’ under all water stress conditions. The effects of water stress on mineral element concentration varied greatly with cultivar, Al stress treatment, and severity of water stress. Under high Al stress, increasing drought conditions from low water stress (‐20 to ‐40 kPa) to high water stress (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) significantly increased the concentrations of Ca, K, Zn, Sr, and Ba in Al‐sensitive ‘Kearney’ and reduced the concentrations of Zn, Sr, and Ba in Al‐tolerant ‘Dayton'; P and Mg concentration were unaffected by water stress. In contrast, under low Al stress, a corresponding increase in water stress significantly increased the concentrations of Ca and reduced that of P in ‘Kearney’ and increased Ca and B concentration in ‘Dayton'; Mg concentrations were unaffected in either cultivar. Thus, it appears that Al stress and water stress had opposite effects on Ca accumulation in barley tissue.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363809

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Six cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.), were screened under controlled environmental conditions for tolerance to Al stress and water stress imposed separately and in combination with one another. Plants were grown for 4 weeks in waxed cartons containing 1 kg of acid, Al‐toxic Tatum, subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic Hapludult) at high (pH 4.3) or low (pH 6.3) Al stress. During the final 2 weeks they were also subjected to low (‐20 to ‐40 kPa) or high (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) water stress. Plant growth responses and symptoms of Al toxicity suggested that a wide range of cultivar sensitivity existed. ‘Manchurian’, ‘S‐212’, ‘S‐254’, and ‘S‐265’ were relatively tolerant to Al toxicity while cultlvars ‘Romania HS‐52’ and ‘RM‐52’ were extremely sensitive. Under high Al stress and high water stress, chloroplasts in cells from the Al‐sensitive cultivar ‘Romania HS‐52’ were smaller and contained less starch than chloroplasts from the Al‐tolerant cultivar ‘Manchurian’. Furthermore, the smaller chloroplasts tended to have fewer grana stacks per unit area than did the chloroplasts from tolerant plants. These differences were not apparent when the Al‐sensitive cultivar was grown either in the absence of Al or water stress. In general, Al‐sensitive cultivars of sunflower were more tolerant to water stress than were Al‐tolerant cultivars. Increasing the soil moisture level reduced Al toxicity in Al‐sensitive cultivars. Similarly, decreasing Al stress partially overcame the detrimental effects of high water stress. Hence, Al stress and water stress are interrelated factors which must be considered in the characterization and breeding of plants for better adaptation to acid soils.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363810

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The separate and combined effects of water and Al stress on concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Mn, and Zn were determined in leaves of six sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) cultivars grown In an acid, Al‐toxic, Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, Typic Hapludult). Plants were grown 4 weeks in a plant growth chamber at high (pH 4.3) or low (pH 6.3) Al stress. During the last 2 weeks they were also subjected to low (‐20 to ‐40 kPa) or high (‐60 to ‐80 kPa) water stress. Overall, Al stress had a greater effect on mineral concentration than water stress. When data from all water stress treatments were combined and all six cultlvars were considered as a group, Al stress decreased concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Fe and Increased concentrations of K, Al, Cu, Mn, and Zn. When data from all Al stress treatments were combined for the six cultlvars, water stress decreased concentrations of Fe, Al, and Cu and increased concentration of Zn. Water stress alone had no effect on concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, or Mn. The effects of Al stress or water stress on mineral element concentration varied depending upon the cultivar. These findings demonstrate the differences in cultivar sensitivity to Al toxicity and water stress within the cultivated species of sunflower and the synerglstic effects of these two stresses. Thus, both stress factors must be considered in developing sunflower cultivars for adaptation to acid soils.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363811

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Changes in light scattering of leaves during photosynthetic induction exhibited characteristics which varied with mineral element deficiency. In the case of sugar beet plants (BetavulgarisL.) grown in growth chambers, light scattering curves differed significantly from the control with deficiencies of N, P, K, Mn, Fe, S and Cu deficiencies but not with B, Zn and Mg. The results suggest that, with some mineral elements, light scattering of leaves might be used as a means of rapid diagnosis of nutrient deficiency for crop plants in the field.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363812

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The physiology of NaCl induced stress was studied in two prop species, cowpea and 4 cultivars of tobacco one of which (Jayashree) is salt sensitive. It was found that the growth of all the cvs of tobacco was reduced by the presence of NaCl (100 mH) in the nutrient medium. While the fresh wt per unit area of the leaves of salt‐tolerant tobacco cv. I and PV‐7 (Nicotiana tabacumL.) and MPS‐219 (N.rusticaL.) was increased’ significantly, it was decreased in the salt‐sensitive Jayashree. The dry wt per unit leaf area was decreased much more in I, PV‐7 and J than in NPS‐219. The total chlorophyll was reduced in all and more so in Jayashree.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363813

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL. cv Tacacarigua) were grown under deficient P, K or Ca nutrient solutions after seven days in sufficiency and relative growth rate, root weight ratio, specific leaf area, leaf area development and nutrient concentration profiles in the dry matter of succesive leaves, analyzed throughout ontogeny. Acute Deficiency Concentration Limits (ADCL) were defined for P (0.14%) and K (1.20%) as the concentration in the leaves able to sustain a state of marginal growth, and may indicate the physiological condition in which restoration of optimal supply may not be followed by a recovery of the plants. The continuation of growth, dry matter dilution and retranslocation within the plant are suggested as major determinants of ADCL.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363814

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study reports an interaction between copper nutrition of wheat and application of gypsum. A pot experiment and two years of field trials on a sandy duplex soil in the southern Wimmera, Australia showed that the efficacy of copper applied to the soil is increased by the application of gypsum. Severity of attack by the fungusGaeumannomyces graminis(take‐all) was greatly reduced in the pot experiment by the addition of either copper or gypsum to the soil. In the second year of the field experiments, copper deficiency occurred only on areas which had been ripped. These results are discussed in relation to factors controlling the availability of copper in soil.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363815

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904168809363807

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor