摘要:

The effect of potassium (K)‐calcium (Ca) ratios on the cation nutrition ofVitis viniferaL. cv. Négrette was investigated on grafted vines grown hydroponically to gain a deeper insight into the origin of the lack of acidity of some wines. Four nutrient solutions were investigated for long duration experiments: a balanced K‐Ca nutrient solution (K=3.9 meq L‐1; Ca=4.8 meq L‐1) used as a reference, a low K (K=0.3 meq L‐1; Ca=8.4 meq L‐1) and a high K (K=7.1 meq L‐1; Ca=1.6 meq L‐1) nutrient solutions. Besides, the reference nutrient solution was enriched with Ca (K=3.9 meq L‐1; Ca=13.8 meq L‐1) so as to simulate the possible effects of liming. The experiments showed that, in spite of low K requirements, the high K storage capacity of cultivar Négrette might account for the low acidity of the wines. However, a strong Ca‐K antagonism was characterized: the Ca enrichment of the reference nutrient solution resulted in a 30% decrease in the K concentration of leaf blades and petioles. Liming can thus limit K uptake by the plant and contribute to increased acidity of the wines issued from cultivars grown in acid soils.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365639

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The long‐term effects of using alkaline water on the chemical properties of sand soils were simulated by treating 36 cm tall, 5 cm diameter columns of soil with water amounts equivalent to that typically applied to cranberries(Vaccinium macrocarponAit.) during one year (152 cm, 3 liters), two years (304 cm, 6 liters), or three years (456 cm, 9 liters). Columns received either alkaline pond water [148 mg L‐1calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalent, pH 8.0], pond water acidified with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to pH 5.0, or no water. Water was applied to the top of the soil in 15.2 cm increments and allowed to percolate slowly through and out the bottom of the column. The same treatments were applied to an acidic soil (pH 5.6) and a neutral soil (pH 7.1). The equivalent of three years of alkaline water use raised the pH of the acidic soil to 7.5, and that of the neutral soil to pH 7.8. Acidified water did not change the pH of the acidic soil, but decreased that of the neutral soil to 6.2. Use of alkaline water increased calcium (Ca) levels from 250 mg kg‐1to738 mg kg‐1in the acidic soil. Soil Ca levels were not affected by acidified water in either soil. Treatments had inconsistent effects on potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) levels in the soils. Based on these results, high alkalinity water that has been acidified prior to use would not adversely affect the pH or Ca levels in cranberry soils over a three‐year period.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365640

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Soil waterlogging significantly increased the iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) tissue levels of carpetgrass(Axonopus affinisChase) and centipedegrass [Ermochloa ophuiroidesMunro. (Kunz.)]. Common carpetgrass and centipedegrass survived six weeks of continuous waterlogging. Results suggested that retention of high Fe and Mn levels within or on root tissue may have served as an adaptive mechanism.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365641

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Agricultural applications are sought for by‐products from agricultural, municipal, and industrial operations. Incorporation into media for container production of crops is a suggested use of organic and mineral by‐products. Composted food by‐products generated by grocery stores and restaurants and mineral fines from the aggregate industry were assessed in the formulation of media for tomato(Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) production in containers. The basic medium was compost and perlite (2 compost: 1 perlite, v:v). This medium was mixed with basalt fines or glacial moraine fines added separately at 60 or 120 g L‐1. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer was added weekly to the media except for one treatment that included the basic medium without N. Incorporation of mineral fines into the food by‐product compost produced an early stimulation of vegetative growth, but did not affect fruiting of tomatoes significantly; however, fruiting was heavy in the containers to which N was added, with an average of nearly 23 kg of total fruits per plant. Extractable (acidified sodium acetate solution) calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) from the media increased, but other nutrients were unaffected by additions of basalt or glacial fines. In all media, extractable nitrate and potassium (K) were almost depleted during the experiment; phosphorus (P) was moderately depleted, whereas extractable Ca, magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were slightly lower or unchanged during the experiment. Tissue analyses showed that leaf concentrations of N, K, Mn, and Zn were below the range needed for well‐nourished plants whereas Ca exceeded concentrations necessary for adequate nutrition. Tissue concentrations of P and Mg were sufficient for proper plant nutrition. Although fertilization with N and K, were necessary to sustain optimum yields, formulations of food by‐product compost and mineral fines were excellent media for container production of tomato.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365642

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effect of redox conditions or oxygen demand in rooting medium on phosphorus (P) uptake byTypha domingensiswas quantified. Phosphorus uptake decreased with decrease in redox potential in the rooting medium. Greatest uptake was measured under the oxidized treatment (+565 mV). Phosphorus uptake was less under the two anaerobic treatments (+277 mV and ‐200 mV). In the two anaerobic treatments, P uptake was considerably less at ‐200 mV in which a high oxygen demand was created using titanium (Ti3+) citrate. Results suggest that P uptake byTypha domingensisin wetland receiving P input from adjacent agriculture areas could be influenced by the oxidation‐reduction status of the root environment.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365643

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Lupinus albusL. grown on alkaline soils shows symptoms resembling zinc (Zn) deficiency. This study tested whether Zn deficiency is an important cause of poor growth of this species on alkaline soils. We examined the responses of twoL. albusgenotypes (75B09–02 and Kiev Mutant) to application of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (0–200 mg Zn per 3 kg soil) on an alkaline soil (pH 7.7), and compared plant growth on the alkaline soil with the growth on an acid loam (pH 4.8) and an acid sand (pH 5.1). The possible effects of iron (Fe) chlorosis and impaired nitrogen (N2) fixation on the growth were minimized by foliar spray of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and urea, respectively. The results showed that plants on the alkaline soil with low Zn supply showed Zn‐deficiency symptoms, and 75B09–02 was less sensitive to the deficiency than cv. Kiev Mutant. Increasing Zn application greatly increased Zn concentration in plant and reduced the deficiency symptoms, but only slightly improved plant growth. Zinc concentrations in the youngest fully expanded leaflets of Kiev Mutant were generally higher than those of 75B09–02 at given Zn levels. At the treatment of 10 mg Zn per 3 kg soil, shoot growth decreased by 22–41 % for 75B09–02 and by 31–44% for Kiev Mutant grown on the alkaline soil compared to that on the acid soils. In conclusion, 75B09–02 appeared to be more tolerant to Zn deficiency and be better adapted to the alkaline soil than Kiev Mutant. However irrespective of genotypes, plant growth was more responsive to soil alkalinity (high pH associated factors) than to Zn deficiency on the alkaline soil.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365644

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Micropropagated plantlets of the Actinidia rootstock D1, resistant to lime‐induced iron (Fe) deficiency, and theActinidia deliciosaline 2084 (sel. 2084), moderately sensitive to Fe starvation, were grown in nutrient solution with or without Fe, in order to characterize the changes induced by iron starvation on physiological and biochemical behavior of this fruit tree. Iron‐stressed plants of D1 showed a higher capability to lower the pH of nutrient solution as compared with plants of sel. 2084. Also, when proton extrusion was measured in a 10 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2solution, Fe‐deficient plants of Dl induced a more rapid decrease in the external pH than sel. 2084 plants. In addition, the activity of the vanadate‐sensitive H+‐ATPase of root plasma membrane (PM) enriched vesicles was about 60 % increased by Fe deficiency in D1 plants, while almost no change was observed in sel. 2084 plants. Fe(III)EDTA reduction capacity of intact roots markedly increased in condition of Fe deficiency as compared with plants grown in the presence of Fe for both genotypes. The addition of the PM H+‐ATPase inhibitor vanadate (500 μM) induced a dramatic decline in Fe(III)EDTA reduction rate. The inhibition was observed for both genotypes only with plants grown without Fe, while the reduction capability of Fe‐sufficient plants remained fairly unaffected. The higher capacity to reduce Fe(III)EDTA exhibited by Fe‐deficient plants was also maintained when the activity was measured in isolated membrane fractions enriched in plasma membrane vesicles. Results indicate that the root Fe(III)EDTA reduction activity induced by Fe deficiency conditions depends on active proton extrusion and is conceivably related to the presence of a transmembrane electron transport system localized at the plasma membrane. Differences in H+extrusion between the two genotypes suggest that the acidification capacity of roots may play a crucial role in the Fe deficiency response and should be taken into account in the screening work for resistant Actinidia genotypes.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365645

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A field trial was carried out for 4 years in Kibbutz Lavee, Israel, to study the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertigation of the pear(Pyrus communis,cv. Spadona) under drip irrigation, in order to improve yield and fruit size of a 19‐year‐old plantation. Fertigation treatments consisted of a basic N and K rate, applied uniformly to the entire orchard, supplemented with either K alone, K and N or K and P. Supplemented fertilizers were applied under the drippers in 5–6 doses, during April‐May. Potassium and P fertigation raised soil concentration of these two nutrients significantly. Concentration was raised to a greater extent at the 0–30 cm soil layer than at the 30–60 cm layer. The pear was not affected by N or K fertigation, indicating sufficient level of these nutrients. Phosphorus raised leaf P significantly and steadily, fruit P significantly in one year and the yield in the last three years by 30% (p=0.084). Fruit size was not affected by N, P, or K nutrition. The threshold and optimal concentrations values of P in 10‐week‐old mid‐shoot leaves for interpretation of leaf analysis of ‘Spadona’ pear were found to be 0.14% and 0.15%, respectively.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365646

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Changes in medium pH, osmolarity (OS), and electrical conductivity (EC) were studied as a function of time in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid proliferation and rooting medium. Microshoots of wild pear(Pyrus syriaca),bitter almond, and ‘Spunta’ potato were targeted. Results indicated an acidic drift in pH in the different species on both proliferation and rooting medium. The EC was increased significantly with time whereas solution OS was decreased. Different species caused different effects on EC or OS depending on growth medium. The decline in OS in the proliferation medium was higher when pear and almond were grown, while on rooting medium the decline was sharper with potato and almond. The EC of proliferation medium was increased more when almond was grown; while on the rooting medium all species had similar effects. Under these saline conditions, low nutrient elements availability, poor plant growth, and nutrient element imbalance are expected. This study illustrates that the change in the chemical parameters of the culture medium could lead to undesirable effects on plant growth and nutrient element availability. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the change in these parameters of the medium over the incubation time.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365647

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Manganese (Mn) toxicity is an important constraint to the production of common bean(Phaseolus vulgarisL.) in tropical and subtropical soils. Amelioration of Mn toxicity by soil modification is difficult in Andosols, and liming of acid soils is often not feasible for small farmers. Substantial genetic variation for Mn tolerance exists in bean germplasm, but is difficult to assess in field trials due to interactions with several environmental factors. The objectives of this study were to identify sources of genetic tolerance to Mn toxicity and to compare their performance using three growing conditions. Contrasting genotypes were evaluated for Mn tolerance by 1) biomass accumulation under Mn stress in solution culture, 2) biomass accumulation under Mn stress in silica sand culture, and 3) seed yield of plants grown in Mn‐amended soil. Genotypes varied substantially in Mn tolerance: A‐283, BAT‐795, Dore de Kirundu, IPA‐7419, Carioca, G‐12896a, and NEP BAYO 22 were susceptible, while Argentino, BAT‐271, Calima, EMP‐84, H6 Mulatinho, and Pintado were more tolerant when tested in solution culture. Genotypic tolerance observed in solution culture correlated well with tolerance observed in silica sand. Some genotypes that performed very well in solution culture and in silica sand did suffer severe yield reduction in Mn‐amended mineral soil. Manganese toxicity reduced shoot branching resulting in fewer seeds per plant in soil grown plants. We conclude that screening of genotypes in solution culture is useful to identify sources of tolerance to Mn toxicity, but performance of those genotypes in soil might be confounded by other edaphic stresses.

ISSN:0190-4167    

DOI:10.1080/01904169909365648

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor