ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00777.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00812.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00813.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Although farmers experience lower overall cancer rates than the U.S. population, they are at increased risk for cancers of certain sites, such as brain, stomach, lymphatic and hematopoietic, lip, prostate, and skin. Little research has been done to determine the extent to which farmers and their families use cancer control services or how their utilization behaviors and cancer survival rates compare to those of nonfarmers in the United States. In 1989, recognizing the occupational uniqueness of farm populations and the limited cancer‐related information about them, Congress mandated that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) develop a program to promote cancer control among farming populations. Eight institutions were funded through cooperative agreements to collaborate with NIOSH and each other to develop the demonstration research and intervention projects. The projects are aimed at identifying barriers that prevent farmers, farmworkers, and their families from accessing the full range of cancer control services, and then implementing interventions to mitigate those barriers. This paper illustrates some of the conceptual and methodological issues NIOSH researchers and their collaborators faced while developing the cancer control progra

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00814.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Cumulative sun exposure has been linked to about 95 percent of all skin cancers. Farmers and their families, by nature of their occupations, are exposed to an abundance of sun over a long period of time and, therefore, are at an increased risk for skin cancer. Because education is known to be a primary means of health, Future Farmers of America (FFA) peer facilitators (teen educators) provided third graders in rural communities sun protection education with the hope that the message would reach the entire family. The FFA facilitators (n=217) from 39 FFA organizations throughout Wisconsin were trained with skin cancer and sun protection information. The FFA facilitators then gave presentations on sun protection to third graders (n=2,007) in their school districts. Control schools included 57 facilitators and 669 third graders. Evaluation involved pre‐, post‐, and six‐month follow‐up surveys testing knowledge gained by the third graders. Students who correctly responded to a question on the post‐survey after incorrectly answering it on the pre‐survey were said to have had a knowledge gain for that question. By using chi‐square tests, the intervention group demonstrated a statistically significant (P<0.001) higher proportion of students experiencing knowledge gain than did the control group from pre‐ to post‐surveys for nine of the 10 questions. Summary statistics were used to describe the study population. In addition to skin cancer knowledge questions, the survey of facilitators included sun protection behavior and attitude questions. This intervention was able to use peer educators as instructors to demonstrate knowledge gain in the youths of the target population. The pilot project materials costs were $0.55 per third grade student and $3.50 per facilitator. Using a school‐based organization such as FFA provided a cost‐effective means of reaching

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00815.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Cancer mortality risks for Wisconsin white male farmers were examined during the years 1981 to 1990. Four malignancies were studied: Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, melanoma, colon cancer, and rectal cancer. Occupation coded deaths were segmented into farmer and nonfarmer groups and population counts for the groups were estimated from 1980 and 1990 Bureau of the Census data. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were constructed from the ratio of observed farmer deaths and the expected number of farmer deaths. Expected deaths were generated from the underlying statewide nonfarmer rate for the malignancy multiplied into the farmer population at risk. Farmers had significantly lower mortality risks for melanoma (SMR: 0.659; 95% CI: 0.993‐0.326) and colon cancer (SMR: 0.763; 95% CI: 0.928‐0.599). Farmers also exhibited a nonsignificant decrement for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR 0.930; 95% CI: 1.214‐0.645). For rectal cancer, farmers experienced a slightly higher but essentially the same risk as nonfarmers (SMR: 1.013; 95%CI: 1.418‐0.608)—the SMR was not significant. This study corroborates a number of cancer incidence and mortality investigations demonstrating that farmers generally experience the same or lower mortality risks for these

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00816.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Utilization of preventive health care services is lower in rural populations than in urban populations, possibly as a result of barriers to preventive health care that are characteristic of rural settings. This study was conducted to identify factors associated with mammogram utilization among farm women. Mammogram utilization among farm women from six southern Minnesota counties was examined as part of a larger community‐based cancer intervention study. Farm women aged 40 and older were randomly selected from a list of farm households and interviewed by telephone to determine mammogram utilization and factors related to utilization. Of the 606 respondents, 78 percent reported ever having a mammogram and 49 percent reported a mammogram within the past year. Physician recommendation for a screening mammogram and family history of breast cancer were found to be associated with ever having a mammogram. Correct knowledge of mammogram screening guidelines was associated with a mammogram within the past 12 months. Overall, physician recommendation was the most influential determinant of utilization. As more emphasis is placed on prevention, patient education by physicians could have the greatest impact on mammogram utilizatio

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00817.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Occupational safety and health researchers seek to conduct effective cancer awareness campaigns to increase agricultural workers' skin cancer prevention and detection behaviors. Georgia undertook such a project using a social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) conceptual model, with its objectives focusing on personal determinants of and environmental influences on farmers' behavior. One underused strategy to increase the success of health campaigns, formative evaluation, was undertaken during year one of the demonstration project, with four goals. These included an assessment of (1) the availability of societal resources to support farmers' practices, (2) the affordability for farmers to follow through with behaviors being promoted, (3) the social support for behaving in ways that reduce farmers' skin cancer risk, and (4) farmers' current knowledge, outcome expectations, and self‐efficacy in this regard. Formative evaluation revealed an absence of information, products, services, and social support for farmers' skin cancer prevention and detection. As a result, the Georgia project's plan was refined to include specific activities aimed at increasing the environmental support for health promotion activities relating to farmers' skin cancer prevention and detection. These include a seminar for rural primary care physicians and public health nurses to increase knowledge and skills relating to conducting clinical skin exams; programs for agricultural extension agents, cotton scouts, and 4‐H groups to provide opportunities to learn more about and practice sun safety; and a feed and seed store campa

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00818.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:How farmers protect themselves against pesticide exposure has important public health consequences. To obtain insights into pesticide self‐protection, this study obtained data on chemically resistant glove and other protective equipment use as they relate to the type of farming practice, demographic characteristics of farmers and their farming operations, farmers' preventive health beliefs and behaviors, and factors related to their health care. Data were obtained by telephone interviews conducted in six rural Minnesota counties. Survey respondents totaled 1,327 (82% response rate), with 502 reporting pesticide use. Ninety‐five percent of the latter respondents believed in the effectiveness of protective equipment and 88 percent believed that pesticide exposures are harmful. Fifty‐six percent of the subjects wore chemically resistant gloves and 22 percent wore other protective clothing 75 percent of the time or more when using pesticides. Glove use and certification to use restricted pesticides was less frequent for women. The use of protective equipment in this group of Minnesota farmers was weakly related to being certified to apply restricted pesticides, believing in the effectiveness of protective clothing, believing that smoking causes serious health problems, using crop insecticides, and distance to a health care fac

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Farmers face an increased risk of skin cancer, presumed to be secondary to their increased occupational exposure to sunlight. This study examines skin cancer prevention and detection beliefs and practices among adult farmers in defined control and comparison farming communities in four contiguous counties of Michigan, before and after a community‐based educational intervention. The educational intervention included mailing packets containing information on skin cancer risks and community sources for screening, disseminating articles in local newspapers on skin cancer prevention and control measures, and providing information and screening at local county fairs and agricultural community fairs. The responses of 2,999 survey participants were analyzed to identify the interrelationships among their beliefs and their descriptions of their (primary preventive) self‐care and professional medical care seeking (for detection and treatment) practices. Factors associated with the likelihood of skin cancer screening and with measures of knowledge and practices associated with medical care of skin cancer were examined. The intervention appeared to improve the practice of preventive behaviors and seeking medical c

ISSN:0890-765X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY