摘要:

It is proven that the energy level, according to the Dirac equation, of any stationary state of the hydrogen atom can be written in the formE = m0c2〈β| = m0c2〈(1 − v2/c2)1/2| = h〈ν|, wherem0is the electron-rest mass,βis theDirac-βoperator,vis the instantaneous electron velocity in the corresponding orbit in Sommerfeld's relativistic old quantum theory,νis an “electron apparent frequency” satisfyingν = ν0(1 − v2/c2)1/2, with hν0 = m0c2, and〈 〉denotes expectation value or time-average value, as appropriate. In spite of the physically suggestive character of this result, it is argued on theoretical grounds that it must be regarded merely as an interesting mathematical accident.

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976376

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Herein is presented a student-teacher oriented examination of how one might arrive at Maxwell's equations via a number of reasonable assumptions.

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976377

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

It is argued that the grand canonical ensemble is not appropriate for describing local properties of a closed system when the system has off-diagonal long-range order over distances of the order of the dimensions of the system (e.g., when there is a condensation into a single-particle state). It is shown that the local dispersion in number in the condensed part of an ideal Einstein-Bose gas is “small” (appropriate to a Poisson distribution), contrary to the usual result obtained using the grand canonical ensemble. This leads to an approximation in which the condensed part of the system is represented locally by a coherent state. It is further argued that these considerations serve as a rationale for breaking gauge symmetry whereas the usual arguments (based on analogy with ferromagnetism) are not appropriate.

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976378

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976380

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976381

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976382

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976383

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976384

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976385

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0002-9505    

DOI:10.1119/1.1976386

出版商:American Association of Physics Teachers    

年代:1970

数据来源: AIP