摘要:

Compared to early expectations, the process of European integration has resulted in a paradox: frustration without disintegration and resilience without progress. The article attempts to develop an institutional explanation for this paradox by exploring the similarities between joint decision making (‘Politikverflechtung’) in German federalism and decision making in the European Community. In both cases, it is argued, the fact that member governments are directly participating in central decisions, and that there is ade factorequirement of unanimous decisions, will systematically generate sub‐optimal policy outcomes unless a ‘problem‐solving’ (as opposed to a ‘bargaining’) style of decision making can be maintained. In fact, the ‘bargaining’ style has prevailed in both cases. The resulting pathologies of public policy have, however, not resulted either in successful strategies for the further Europeanization of policy responsibilities or in the disintegration of unsatisfactory joint‐decision systems. This ‘joint‐decision trap’ is explained by reference to the utility functions of member governments for whom present institutional arrangements, in spite of their sub‐optimal policy output, seem to represent ‘local optima’ when compared to either greater

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines ‘market’ and ‘political’ explanations for the nature of nationalized industry labour relations, using British Rail as a case study. The market perspective suggests that market insulation generated ‘cosy’ industrial relations since it allowed managers to acquiesce in restrictive practices. More robust labour management recently is the result of greater exposure to market forces. This explanation is rejected because BR was exposed to competitive pressures before the Thatcher era, and because there is no simple relationship between market forces and managerial actions. Instead political uncertainty is the primary determinant of the state of industrial relations. In the 1970s British Rail management and unions formed a ‘tacit alliance’ to limit the potential damage of government interventions. This alliance has broken down in the 1980s not primarily because of market pressures but because government interventions have become more explicitly concerned with indus

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents a novel and distinctive approach to the study of change within the NHS. Central to the paper's approach is the view that research on change in health care systems should be processual, comparative, pluralist, and historically based. Guiding such a view is a meta‐analytical framework which contends that theoretically sound and practically useful research on change should involve the continuous interplay between ideas about thecontext, theprocess, and thecontentof change together with skill in regulating the relations between the three (Pettigrew 1985a, 1985b). The paper has five sections. Section one examines some of the contemporary pressures for change in the NHS and draws attention to the gap which often exists between statements of strategic intention and their operational implementation. Section two reveals our distinctive analytical approach to the study of service changes and clarifies the theoretical underpinnings of our work. Section three offers an extended critical review of recent research and writing on change in health care organizations. Section four summarizes our findings from the literature review and reaffirms the novelty and significance of our chosen approach. Section five provides an overvie

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

THE BRITISH POLITICAL TRADITION VOLUME 3: A MUCH GOVERNED NATION – PARTS 1 AND 2 W. H. Greenleaf MethuenMINISTERS AND MINISTRIES: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS Richard RoseRULING PERFORMANCE: BRITISH GOVERNMENTS FROM ATTLEE TO THATCHER Peter Hennessy and Anthony Seldon (eds.)RESHAPING CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: RESHAPING OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR. VOL 1 John Gretton and Anthony Harrison (eds.)DON AND MANDARIN: MEMOIRS OF AN ECONOMIST Donald MacDougall John MurrayMANAGING PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS: LESSONS FROM CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE Jan Kooiman and Kjell A. Eliassen (eds.)PUBLIC POLICY‐MAKING FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT J. A. ChandlerLOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE COMMUNITY Colin Mellors and Nigel CopperthwaiteLEARNING FROM LOCAL AUTHORITY BUDGETING Howard Elcock and Grant Jordan (eds.)THE GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPENDING M. S. Levitt and M. A. S. JoyceDEVELOPING LOCAL ECONOMIC STRATEGIES Allan Cochrane (ed.)POLITICAL ETHICS AND PUBLIC OFFICE Dennis F. ThompsonBUREAUCRATIC DISCRETION: LAW AND POLICY IN FEDERAL REGULATORY AGENCIES Gary C. BrynerTHE WELFARE STATE IN TRANSITION: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WELFARE PLURALISM Norman JohnsonPROPERTY BEFORE PEOPLE: THE MANAGEMENT OF TWENTIETH CENTURY COUNCIL HOUSING Anne PowerROOSEVELT TO REAGAN: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN PRESIDENCY M. Shaw (ed.)PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE Howard E. McC

ISSN:0033-3298    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY