摘要:

The objective of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of a marginal copper and iron supply on pigs. Therefore an experiment was conducted with 4 × 12 growing pigs of the crossbreed Pietrain × Deutsche Landrasse. The animals were fed for a period of 119 days with a diet poor of copper (1.5 mg Cu/kg diet) and/or poor of iron (35 mg Fe/kg diet). Control animals were supplied adequately with copper (4.8 mg Cu/kg diet) and iron (85 mg Fe/kg diet). The diet was given according to weight. After reaching an average weight of 102.6 ± 3.5 kg the animals were slaughtered. Due to the activity of the coerulplasmin and katalase enzyme and the haematological parameters, the supply of copper and iron could be classified as marginal. There was no interaction between copper deficiency and iron metabolism. The protein metabolism was unchanged. Low copper intake reduced the copper concentrations in serum, liver, muscle and backfat, and low iron intake reduced the iron concentration in serum, liver and muscle. Marginal copper and iron supply had no relevant effect on either food intake and growth performance or carcass characteristics and meat quality.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381798

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A high phytic acid diet (barley, wheat, soya bean meal, 4 g P/kg, of that 2/3 phytate P) without added phytase, with phytase supplement (1000 U/kg diet) or with supplementary phosphate (2,2g P/kg diet) was examined with 3 × 12 weaned piglets. The high dietary P level due to phosphate addition, significantly improved body weight gain and feed:gain ratio. The phytase effect on these criteria was small. The phytase but more the supplementary phosphate increased P concentration of serum. In case of phytase addition pigs had 10% less ash P and Ca in the rib than animals of phosphate group. In the group without phytase or P addition the ash, P and Ca concentration of bone were decreased by 20%.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381799

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The energy availability from the feedstuffs and the energy requirement of animals are characterized by the metabolizable energy. The metabolizable energy of the feed (feedstuff, ration) is interpreted as potential energy.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381800

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Effects and interactions of corn and soybean oil supplementation and forage source on feed intake and digestibility by mature and growing cattle were determined. Eight mature beef cattle (571 ± 17 kg initial body weight) were used in two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares. Cattle in each square consumed long‐stemmed alfalfa (AL; 16% crude protein, 54% neutral detergent fibre and 6.1% acid detergent lignin) or orchardgrass (OR; 11% crude protein, 71% neutral detergent fibre and 9.4% acid detergent lignin) hay ad libitum for 15 d followed by 6 d of restricted consumption (85% of ad libitum). Supplement treatments were Control, ground corn (C; 0.5% body weight), soybean oil (O; 0.125% body weight), or C + O. Total ad libitum dry matter (DM) intake was greater for AL than for OR(P< 0.05) and with than without C (P <0.05), and a corn x soybean oil interaction occurred (P =0.07; 11.8, 14.0, 13.6, 14.2, 8.4, 10.7, 9.3 and 10.3 kg/d); total tract neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was 66.0, 67.7, 65.8, 68.8, 52.5, 50.6, 55.1 and 59.4% for AL, AL‐C, AL‐O, AL‐C+O, OR, OR‐C, OR‐O, and OR‐C + O, respectively (SE 2.46). Eight Holstein steer calves (83 ± 5 and 131 ± 11 kg initial and final body weight, respectively) were subjected to the same dietary treatments, except for higher levels of C (1.0% body weight) and O (0.25% body weight) and periods with 21 d of ad libitum forage intake. Total DM intake was greater (P =0.06) for AL than for OR, increased (P< 0.05) by C, and decreased (P< 0.05) by O (3.92, 4.17, 3.51, 4.00, 2.53, 2.90, 2.09 and 2.51 kg/d), and total tract NDF digestibility was affected by forage source (P< 0.05) and a corn × soybean oil interaction (P= 0.08; 58.8, 56.9, 60.1, 56.0, 41.9, 44.5, 45.8 and 40.1% for AL, AL‐C, AL‐O, AL‐C + O, OR, OR‐C, OR‐O and OR‐C + O, respectively). In conclusion, effects of supplementation with corn and (or) soybean oil on feed intake and digestibility were similar for AL and OR, which differed in voluntary intake and digestibility, and animal characteristics such as stage of maturity may have influenced effects of soybean oil on feed intake.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381801

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effects of, and interactions between, the diet and maturity of grass were studied in cattle in a 6 × 6 Latin square experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Barn‐dried grass or direct‐cut silage from the same sward were fed together with 250 (L), 500 (M) or 750 (H) g concentrate dry matter (DM) kg−1total DM. Six timothy‐meadow fescue grasses, cut at 7 d intervals, were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and the kinetics parameters for DM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestion were estimated. Ruminai NDF digestibility was calculated using a value of 0.02 for the rate of passage. With increasing maturity of grass, crude protein content and in vitro digestibility decreased with associated increases in the contents of cell wall constituents. Both the rate and extent of DM and NDF digestion decreased with maturity. The changes were curvilinear with an increasing depression in the extent of digestion and a decreasing depression in the rate of digestion with maturity. Ruminai NDF digestibility averaged over the diets decreased from 61.2 to 39.7% with the maturity. DM and NDF disappearance and calculated NDF digestibility decreased as the proportion of concentrate in the diet increased. This adverse effect of concentrate increased more rapidly as the proportion of concentrate increased from M to H and rumen pH dropped from 6.2 to 6.0 than as the proportion of concentrate increased from L to M with a consequent reduction in rumen pH from 6.4 to 6.2. The minimum rumen pH explained more of the variation in NDF digestibility than mean pH, duration or summation (pH x time) of the pH depression below 6.2, 6.0 or 5.8. Predicted NDF digestibility was higher in cattle given the dried grass diets than in those given the silage diets. The adverse effect of the concentrate level on NDF digestibility increased with the maturity of the grass. The decrease was 0.54, 0.59, 0.72% units per one day delay in cutting for low, medium and high levels of concentrate, respectively.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381802

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Two bulls with a permanant rumen fistula and a re‐entrant cannula at the duodenum were fed various concentrates and straw (dry matter ration composition: 60% concentrate, 40% straw). Negative correlations were found between the pH value and total fatty acid concentration (r= ‐0,70). The animals were given the straw one hour before the concentrate. The pH value increased to not more than 7.3 one hour after they had received the straw. It did not drop below 6.4 after the concentrate with any of the rations. The addition of dried sugar beet pulp to the rations leads to a higher mean acetate concentration than the other rations and causes an unvarying high total fatty acid concentration.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381803

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The digestion of dry matter and nutrients of wheat/barley, maize, potatoes, dried sugar beet chips dried sugar beet pulp and barley straw were studied by means of the nylon bag method on two steers with fistulated rumens. Compared with that of the other feedstuffs with a high starch content, the disappearance of maize was significantly lower in terms of dry matter (20%), starch (38%) and crude protein (23%). In the case of cereals, dry matter degradability correlated closely with the disappearance of crude protein and starch (r= 0,9), and for straw and dried sugar beet pulp it correlated closely with crude cellulose disappearance (r= 0,9). The high degree of crude cellulose of dried sugar beet pulp is due mainly to the low lignin content of the dried sugar beet pulp.

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381804

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0003-942X    

DOI:10.1080/17450399409381797

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor