ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753268

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Male corncrakesCrex crexproduce characteristic repetitive calls composed of two elements. Duration of each element, and the interval between elements and between calls, were measured for a single bird on three nights and for five birds on a single night. Element durations were similar on all three nights but interval durations differed between nights. Element durations differed between birds but some pairs of birds could not be separated using measures of element duration. Call elements are made up of pulses and the number of pulses differs between elements of a call.

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753269

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Combinatorial calls of tits(Parus)resemble language in allowing the production of a huge variety of distinct call types based on combinations of a few note types. This study found a constrained type of permuted order of note types, which enlarges the potential for call variety and even more closely resembles properties of language. Vocalizations of the black-lored titP. xanthogenysof India have never been studied in the wild and were known previously only through brief mention in two comparative reviews (Thielcke 1968, Hailman 1989). A wild-caught captive gavechick-a-dee-like calls in response to a stuffed owl. The tit used combinations of four note types (denoted A through D) to create 65 different call types. Zipf-Mandelbrot analysis showed that the repertoire of call types has the language-like property of “openness”: as more calls are sampled, the number of call types represented in the sample continues to rise without bound. First-order Markov-chain analysis revealed that B, C and D notes tend to be isolated from one another, with A notes given between them, within strings of the same note-type, and at the beginning and ending of calls. This constrained permutation is missing from the merely combinatorialchick-a-deecalls of the black-capped chickadeeP. atricapillus, where note-types occur in fixed order both within and among calls. Calling under constant stimulus conditions changed unidirectionally during the course of mobbing, with D notes first replacing D notes in calls and then also replacing B notes as time progressed. The evolution of note types and call structure is discussed in comparison with the black-capped chickadee.

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753270

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753271

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753272

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753273

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753274

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753275

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753276

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1994.9753267

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor