ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753373

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753361

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Among teleosts, only representatives of several tropical catfish families have evolved two sonic organs: pectoral spines for stridulation and swimbladder drumming muscles. Pectoral mechanisms differ in relative size between pimelodids, mochokids and doradids, whereas swimbladder mechanisms exhibit differences in origin and insertion of extrinsic muscles. Differences in vocalization among families were investigated by comparing distress calls in air and underwater. High frequency broad-band pulsed sounds of similar duration were emitted during abduction of pectoral spines in all three families. Adduction sounds were similar to abduction signals in doradids, shorter and of lower sound pressure in mochokids, and totally lacking in pimelodids. Simultaneously or successively with pectoral sounds, low frequency harmonic drumming sounds were produced by representatives of two families. Drumming sounds were of similar intensity as stridulatory sounds in pimelodids, fainter in doradids, and not present in mochokids. Swimbladder sounds were frequency modulated and the fundamental frequency was similar in pimelodids and doradids. The ratio of stridulatory to drumming sound amplitude was higher in air than underwater in both doradids and one of the pimelodids. Also, overall duration of pectoral sounds, compared to swimbladder sounds, was longer in air than underwater in one doradid and pimelodid species. This first comparison of vocalization within one major teleost order demonstrates a wide variation in occurrence, duration, intensity and spectral content of sounds and indicates family- and species-specific as well as context- (receiver-) dependent patterns of vocalization.

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753362

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Five species of neotropical Ponerinae ants,Ectatomma permagnumForel,E. quadridensFabr.,E. ruidumRoger,E. tuberculatumOlivier andPachycondyla apicalisLatreille, were studied. The genusEctatomma, consisting of 14 species in the tropical forests of Central and South America, has been studied previously in relation to the stridulatory organ only. Stridulations were heard, in the four species considered in this paper, during artificial disturbance of individuals or of the whole colony; so the role of sound production during normal life is still uncertain.Pachycondyla apicalis, belonging to Central American forests, is occasionally present in cocoa and coffee plantations.

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753363

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The vocabulary of Siberian titsParus cinctusin South Norway and East Siberia is compared by means of tape recordings and spectrograms. The species has many different calls that are greatly confused in the literature. In this paper ten main call types are examined. On the whole, the equivalent utterings are geographically so similar that a distinction is usually impossible or questionable. This similarity also applies to the contextual use of the calls. Consistent structural differences in certain calls were nevertheless found. Thesitforaging call embraced on average a broader frequency range and was of a slightly longer duration in Siberia than in Norway. The complex ‘gargle’ system could at both places be divided into three main groups equally represented in the populations: (1) trilled, (2) tonal and (3) simple gargles. The tonal gargles are characterized by a terminal tonal element (T) that varies in shape. In Norway, tonal gargles terminating with an even or upslurred T dominated, in Siberia those with a chevron-formed T. Historically, the west-east distribution throughout Eurasia was apparently continuous until quite recently, allowing an effective gene flow. Considering the huge distance from Norway to East Siberia and the markedly resident behaviour of the Siberian tit, it is nevertheless somewhat unexpected that so few vocal differences have evolved. Several of the calls of the Siberian tit are structurally very similar to equivalent (most likely homologous) calls in other species belonging to the subgenus Poecile, e.g. the willow titParus montanusand the black-capped chickadeeP. atricapillus, suggesting that the multicall repertoire of their common ancestor remained largely intact despite Poecile's differentiation into different species.

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753364

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753365

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753366

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753367

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753368

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0952-4622    

DOI:10.1080/09524622.1997.9753369

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1997

数据来源: Taylor