摘要:

The United States' hazardous waste site remediation programs are being challenged for lacking cost‐effectiveness. We argue that these expensive programs will be more cost‐effective and viable politically if economic and social analyses are included explicitly in risk analyses. Using data from surveys of people living within one‐half‐mile of seven hazardous waste sites, we show that some neighborhoods offer the opportunity for joint site remediation and neighborhood redevelopment programs. Mechanisms are suggested that would permit the United States Environmental Protection Agency to implement neighborhood environmental and redevelopment p

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines conceptual and methodological issues in the analysis of environmental justice through use of the case of lead‐exposure health risks. Researchers face important obstacles in measuring variable risks among population subgroups. The case of lead exposure, however, illustrates the dramatic potential where adequate data exist for identifying and correcting significant inequities in risk exposure. Despite sharp reductions in the general population's exposure to lead since the 1970s, substantial numbers of minority and low‐income children continue to exhibit unacceptably high blood‐lead levels due primarily to exposure to lead‐based paint. Resolving environmental inequities in this and similar instances requires solid documentation of the risk and better integration of equity issues with other policy demands such as the call for cost‐effective environment

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Environmental epidemiology increasingly is being used as a foundation for environmental health policy. Since environmental epidemiologic studies have increased dramatically in number, approaches are needed to interpret them. Two approaches used in epidemiology are rules of evidence and meta‐analysis. Rules of evidence pertain to the consistency, strength, uniqueness, and medical basis of the relationship between disease and risk factors such as chemicals. Meta‐analysis is a systematic and rigorous approach to comparing studies and understanding their heterogeneity. Dioxins, benzene, and formaldehyde are three chemicals that are at the forefront of health policy debates. These chemicals illustrate some of the conditions under which researchers are drawn or are not drawn to approaches to compare studies. A meta‐analysis was not conducted for dioxins or benzene, but was conducted for formaldehyde. Rather than addressing study comparisons, epidemiologic studies of dioxins are focusing on expanding the number of health effects studied and obtaining greater specificity for exposures, whereas studies of benzene are focusing on effects at low dose exposures. In the case of formaldehyde, meta‐analysis has strengthened the evidence for some health effects beyond what individual studies could provide. Thus, whether rules of evidence and meta‐analysis approaches to synthesizing information are used can depend upon where the debates ar

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine produced severe environmental health problems. This paper reports on the environmental health conditions in Ukraine after the accident and the health policy approaches employed to respond to the environmental conditions and health problems.Crisis conditions and a period of rapid change in Ukraine contributed to the difficulties of developing and implementing policy to address serious environmental health problems. Despite these difficulties, Ukraine is taking effective action. The paper describes the primary environmental health problem areas and the efforts taken to solve them. The effect of intense public fear of radiation on policymaking is described. The paper discusses the ability of public fear to distort health policy towards certain problems, leaving problems of greater importance with fewer resources.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg (Eds.),Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change.Michael J. Rich,Federal Policymaking and the Poor: National Goals, Local Choices, and Distributional Outcomes.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Martin Westlake,A Modern Guide to the European Parliament.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Marilyn E. Lashley and Melanie Njeri Jackson (Eds.),African Americans and the New Policy Consensus: Retreat of the Liberal State.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00517.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1995.tb00518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY