ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper focuses on three episodes of US. policymaking concerning illicit drugs, one. during the Nixon administration, one during the Carter administration, and the contemporary war on drugs. Drawing upon evidence from drug‐related Congressional hearings, the Gallup Poll, counts of relevant articles in the Headers' Guide to Periodical Literature and content analysis of the New York Times Index, the three episodes are characterized as fating one of Cobb, Ross, and Ross's (1976) models of agenda‐setting. The paper then considers the linkage between these differences in agenda setting and the very different policy content of each episode. While the Nixon and Carter episodes exemplify the dynamics of “mobilization” and “inside access” agenda setting respectively, the contemporary drug policy episode is anomalous. It suggests the need for an extension of the Cobb, Ross, and Ross typology to incorporate a new, “network” type of

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines the procurement practices of Canada s three largest electric power utilities, Ontario Hydro, Hydro Quebec, and B.C. Hydro in terms of their impact on the technological development of the electrical power equipment industry in Canada. The theoretical underpinnings of this analysis are that under certain economic, technical and institutional conditions, procurement as managed by large publicly owned corporations with a high level of technical capacity can be a powerful instrument of industrial innovation. The paper describes how in the face of weakening market power following the twenty‐year expansion phase in the industry (1960–80) and global restructuring among electrical power equipment suppliers, the three utilities have been forced to reassess conflicting commercial and technological objectives. The authors point to Hydro Quebec's signing of a recent series of strategic production agreements with key suppliers as an example of a new approach lo procurement through concentrated use of limited market power in critical product areas. The paper concludes that the distribution of risks involved in technology development between buyers and sellers is dependent on market structures. Secondly, the nature of these client‐supplier interactions in management of risk will reflect the internal coherence of an organization's commercial and technological strat

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article uses comparative case studies to examine the political shaping of public Information utilities developed by American local governments. These public access computer networks are designed lo facilitate access to community information and dialogue. We view technology design as analogous to developing public policy on citizen participation, where the “legislation” is imbedded in the technological design. Research sites included three adopter cities, Santa Monica, Pasadena, and Glendale, California, and one nonadopter city, Irvine. This comparison highlights key technology‐policy choices (including the choice of not developing this application). Our analysis then examines the role of technological paradigms, local political cultures, and organizational arrangements in shaping municipal approaches to addressing these key policy ch

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00184.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We compare the relative impacts of political and socioeconomic factors on state restrictiveness toward abortion during the pre‐Roe, pre‐Webster and post‐Webster time frames. This analysis tests the value of cycle theory, where shifting epochs dominated by liberalism and conservatism enhance the role of political variables in shaping policy formation. It also tests the explanatory value of public opinion theory which holds that bimodal issues which cut across party lines accentuate the role of socioeconomic variables in shaping issue evolution. The results of this analysis lend support to cycle theory and public opinion theory, although public opinion theory receives stronger support. When socioeconomic independent variables are regressed against our dichotomous measures of state restrictiveness toward abortion, they explain more variance than political independent variables. Political variables were more important in the conservative era (1989) than in the liberal era (

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00185.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00186.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has made substantial progress in developing environmental legislation and a complementary regulatory structure. These gains are directly related to the economic reforms and opening to the outside world that began in the 1970s, which introduced a greater emphasis on efficiency and more awareness of the costs associated with pollution and environmental degradation. However, the economic growth and devolution of power unleashed by the reforms have also created new environmental stresses and to some extent reduced the regulatory capability of governmental authorities. As a result, some environmental stresses are increasing even as progress is made on other fronts. Political participation is restricted and environmental issues only occasionally acquire political salience. However, international pressure on the PRC to conform its conduct to international environmental norms is likely to increase, which is likely to affect domestic policymaking.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00187.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article reviews the significant changes India has achieved in environmental policy in the pool 10 years, especially in terms of regulatory procedures and organizational structure. Despite these changes, however, environmental quality has continued to deteriorate, largely because a wide gap persists between the intent of policy and the actual achievement and because major problems have eluded serious attention. The paper analyzes major problems in the implementation of Indian environmental policy, with particular attention to policy design, policy analysis, and standard setting. Political problems are identified that underlie difficulties in policy formulation and implemetation, and strategies to improve implemetation are proposed.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article discusses several structural factors in the policy environment of Ecuador thought to determine the process of occupation by agricultural colonists of the country's segment of Amazonia and the emerging land settlement patterns in the region. These factors are fundamentally concerned with (a) national sovereignty interests over remote, peripheral territories characterized by low population density and ill‐defined land ownership, (b) the reduction of demographic and social pressures in other regions of the country, and (c) the extension of the agricultural frontier. For economic and geopolitical reasons, the Ecuadorian state is likely to maintain a moderate and rather ineffectual set of incentives supporfted by the current legislation to allow the occupation of the Amazon region. Consequently, as migrants continue to flow into the easily degradable areas of the Amazon, and without increased population carrying capacity outrside the Amazon, some conversion of the rainforest environment of eastern Ecuador to other uses is certain to continue. A more detailed microlevel understanding of the interrelationship among factors influencing land‐use decisions by settler farmers is needed to find policy‐entry p

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00189.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite its widely publicized efforts in environmental conservation, Costa Rica continues to experience severe deforestation due to entrenched deforestation interests in the country. These interests are created by existing legislation which unintentionally favors deforestation, and by the longstanding nonapplication of positive legislation. Costa Rica's newest strategy involves the mobilization of a broad‐bayed conservation constituency through environmental education and the development of a “conservation area” strategy which helps distribute responsibilities and benefits of conservation among populations adjacent to protected

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY