ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article uses organization theory and political economy to develop a conceptual framework, for analyzing factors that shape relations between government agencies and their social environment. The framework conceptualizes these relations as social networks composed of actors engaged in the exchange of resources. Then, it develops an understanding of how cultural norms shape these exchanges. The article concludes by examining the framework's normative implications. In particular, it explores when agency autonomy promotes effective policy implementation and when it results in unaccountability. It also demonstrates that, in many cases, an agency's dependence on actors in its environment may enhance the effectiveness of policy implementation.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines whether stales, in the role of “laboratories of democracy,” influence federal policy adoptions. Taking the recent past as the time frame, the article begins by examining major federal legislation to gauge the extern to which stale models were an influence. Following this, the focus shifts to important slate initiatives of the early 1980s, and their impact on subsequent federal legislation. The article concludes that the nature of the policy issue and the accompanying political dynamics are critical in determining whether states act as laboratories of democr

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the successful implementation of a major structural change in a county criminal court, an institution particularly resistant to change. Implementation effectiveness is mainly attributed to policy design factors, especially the establishment by “lop” slate Supreme Court officials of an institutional mechanism to implement their selected policy goals. Composed of hey county court participants at the “bottom,” the mechanism facilitated lateral coordination among divergent interests by providing a forum for bargaining and the resolution of disputes. The bargaining entailed the distribution of benefits, as well as the externalization and redistribution of costs, arising from the structural

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The authors look at how family income depends on family structure. Using data from the 1973, 1979, and 1987, Current Population Survey, the authors examine four income sources (earnings, property, child support, and government transfers) among seven family types for all families and for Latino, black, and white householder families. The authors find large income differences among families–primarily due to differences in earnings–but little change within family types over time. Increasing the work hours of adult members or relying on income support from nonresident family members is unlikely to substantially remedy the differences in income among family types, and specifically to improve the very low income of single‐mother families. Other family policies are sugg

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sub‐Saharan agriculture, with few exceptions, has stagnated despite official goals of achieving self‐sufficiency and increasing export earnings. African agriculture has suffered deteriorating terms of trade, inadequate technology and infrastructure, and policies which severely discourage agricultural enterprise. In some countries structural adjustment and policy reform are occurring, and there remains great potential for agricultural development due in part to prospective advantages in natural resources and abundant labor. Discussed here are a specific set of institutional reforms needed to mobilize agricultural entrepreneurs

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mexico has enjoyed one of the Third World's most successful food production systems, based on a complex pattern of public sector intervention. Since 1982, the public sector has withdrawn, in a remarkably Steadfast commitment to privatization, external stabilization, and trade liberalization. This article traces the key elements of that process, and their likely impacts on traditional political goals of food security progressive social policy in the countryside, and external sector dependence. The principal argument is that privatization and trade liberalization leave poor agriculturalists vulnerable, but undoubtebly offer fiscal gains to the state and benefits to urban consumers, especially in light of reduced subsidies.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the economic and political restructuring of Eastern Europe, a new agricultural structure is taking shape, based upon private ownership, genuine cooperatives, and a market economy. Agricultural trade policy in six Eastern European nations will be characterized by the aim of self‐sufficiency, but privatized and centered around market methods, improvement in agricultural systems will occur slowly, and over the long term may achieve self‐sufficiency and greater exports. Meanwhile, Eastern European agriculture will provide investment and market opportunities for countries of the developed wo

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00170.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since, at its inception, the European Community (EC) was highly dependent on food imports, EC institutions were not designed to facilitate overseas market development for food exports. As time passed, the EC has become much more self‐sufficient in food, generating large surpluses in cereals and dairy products. Market development has never been an official EC policy goal, but there is evidence that the EC has used food aid to encourage Third World countries to increase food imports from Europe. Evidence also exists that the Community has used export subsidies as a means of competing for an increased share of promising international markets, though this effort has not been unambiguously successfu

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00171.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY