摘要:

The policy sciences approach has recently came under sustained criticism for being insensitive to the values and preferences of the ordinary citizen. This paper attempts to address these problems by outlining a post‐positivist approach, drawing upon the works of Jürgen Habermas. The paper proposes a “participatory policy analysis” that utilizes a sampling of affected citizens to create a “policy forum” to inform the policymaker of citizens' positions on important pol

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01463.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Policies adopted by the United States government between 1987 and 1993 regarding high definition television (HDTV) were made primarily by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A brief effort by members of Congress and their bureaucratic and industrial allies to link HDTV to broader industrial policies was thwarted by the George Bush Administration between 1988 and 1990. The FCC's policies with respect to simulcasting and digital signals reflected the concern of that agency to protect the interests of consumers, broadcasters, and electronics manufacturers. The first two interests traditionally were protected by the FCC, whereas the protection of electronics was somewhat unusual and was influenced by perceptions of declining United States competitiveness. In addition, United States policymaking in this area depended strongly on the framing effect of policies adopted in Japan and Western Europe.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01464.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Policymakers at all levels of government now face the difficult task of siting new waste facilities in the face of public apprehension and opposition. This study offers a causal model to evaluate the potential of operation and economic incentives for mitigating siting opposition while controlling for background characteristics and environmental attitudes. Among those incentives evaluated, local committee oversight, property tax credit, and money for schools proved to be the most useful options for tempering opposition among citizens.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01465.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

With the spread of state–sponsored lotteries to all but 17 states, it is important to understand the circumstances and perspectives of those who contribute to lottery revenues. A multivariate model of percent of income spent on lottery tickets indicates that participation is a declining function of income and education, and that it is higher among black, male, and older respondents. In addition, participation is affected by the social context of the respondent and the respondent's attitudes regarding the lottery as enjoyable and an escape. Attitudes favorable to lottery play are concentrated disproportionately among less advantaged groups, particularly the least educate

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01466.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Why do some academics engage in technology transfer activities while others do not? What facilitates technology transfer? What inhibits it? This paper attempts to answer these questions from the vantage point of academic researchers. After briefly reviewing some pertinent literature, findings from a survey of academic researchers in the nation's top 100 research universities are presented. An assessment is made of academic researchers' technology transfer activities and of attributes that differentiate researchers who engage in technology transfer from their non‐participating colleagues. Conclusions are drawn regarding the barriers and facilitators of university technology transfer to industr

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01467.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article compares the national civilian technology policies, strategies, and priorities of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the Untied Kingdom, and the United States. An analysis is given of similarities and differences and of the national “systems;” data on research and development funding, science, and engineering personnel and technological outputs is provided; and options are presented. At the end, a summary of what we know and do not know about technology transfer is gi

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01468.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While the term “industrial policy” has come to be associated by many Americans with too much government involvement in private markets, the United States is nevertheless moving rapidly towards a more active and explicit industrial technology policy. The American policy is certainly different from those of Japan and Western Europe; but the recent emphasis on civilian technology and targeted manufacturing sectors, along with the continuing efforts of state‐level technology programs, add up to a much more coherent industrial technology policy than in the past. Although this trend comes at the end of the Cold War and is related to defense conversion efforts, it is part of a larger trend tied to increasing pressure in the area of international competitiveness of American industry. A more pragmatic, less ideological approach emerged, first in numerous state capitals, and is emerging gradually in Washingto

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01469.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Technology transfer is well recognized as a major determinant in the economic development of newly industrializing countries. Increasingly, technology transfer is also recognized as an important component in the economic fortunes of developed countries. The globalization of markets and the premium placed on technological sophistication in industry and services emphasizes the need for governments to consider and engage in technology transfer policy strategies. Our understanding of the dynamics of technology transfer can be enhanced through the study of the experiences of specific states. It is against this backdrop that this paper presents an analysis of technology transfer patterns from the United States and Japan to South Korea from 1962 through 1992. The Korean experience reveals that patterns of technology transfer cannot be explained simply by concentrating on what has been transferred from donor countries, such as the United Slates and Japan. Rather, we need to turn our focus to the host country and to the policy strategies that have been adopted to shape patterns of technology transfer. In short, the question turns from the economics of what, to the policies of how, technology transfer is accomplished.

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01470.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The national laboratories are a reservoir of scientific and technological talent that can help America to compete in international markets.… Spurred in the past decade by new legislation and enlightened policies, the national laboratories have greatly expanded efforts to transfer federally‐funded inventions and technology to private industry.Alan Schriesheim (Director, Argonne National Laboratory), “Toward a Golden Age for Technology Transfer,” Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, 1990–91, p. 52.Although Congress adopted several laws in the 1980s to encourage the commercialization of federal laboratory technology and to promote technology transfer from the federal laboratories to the private sector, collaboration between laboratories and industrial firms has been modest at best.Erich Bloch, Toward A U.S. Technology Strategy, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, February, 19

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01471.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) are at the heart of recent federal efforts to increase United States technological competitiveness through the commercialization of public technologies. CRADAs are comprehensive legal agreements for the sharing of research personnel, equipment, and intellectual property rights in joint government‐industry research. Since 1986, over 2200 CRADAs have been entered into. This study provides a midterm evaluation of the CRADA process. It finds that important legal obstacles remain in the use of CRADAs. Progress is also impeded by a lack of industry familiarity with research in the federal laboratories, as well as inadequate federal funding for research collaboratio

ISSN:0190-292X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb01472.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY