摘要:

The labour markets in the European Community countries are faced with a massive change in the structural composition of employee age groups. This article examines the employment prospects for older persons in selected European countries. The first, introductory section gives a quantitative comparison of existing levels of employment of older persons. This group is defined on the basis of the Eurostat labour force statistics; it comprises those aged over 50 but under 65. The second section aims to give an overall picture of the different types of early pension and the different methods by which older employees were taken off the labour market in the past. In the 1970s and 1980s the countries of Europe took numerous measures to bring about early cessation of work and early pensions for older persons, in order to reduce the labour surplus at a time when unemployment was increasing. In future, however, employee age structures will develop on opposite lines (third section): demographic change will affect pensions policy financially (extending working life rather than pensioning workers off). The change in company employee age structures will begin in the 1990s. This new impending trend calls for longer‐term adjustments in employment policies: these will be considered in the fourth, concluding section of the articl

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00387.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of social security in the agricultural sector in Tunisia faces obstacles due to the particular social and economic conditions that apply. The desire of the public authorities to extend social protection to the rural population as a whole runs up against both technical and financial problems. The exact number of people employed in the agricultural sector is not known and it is difficult to define precisely the range of persons to be protected. The changes that have been made in the legal framework in order to adapt social security to the composition and the working conditions of the agricultural population have not achieved their objective. The lack of a coherent system is reflected in particular in the variety of legal provisions and schemes which may be applicable to employees engaged in the same work or working in the same firm. The precarious nature of agricultural employment, the low incomes and thus the low contributory capacity of the workers, the level of benefits offered — in the agricultural schemes sometimes very much below those in the general scheme — all these make social security appear impossible to achieve or not worth while. The resistance encountered by the social security institution may also be due in part to the failure of the Social Security Fund to make people sufficiently aware of the position in the face of some of the traditional structures of solidar

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00388.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the Netherlands, a situation has developed in which there is one permanently disabled person for every seven to eight people active in the workforce. This is an economic emergency, for which countermeasures have been taken. The employer is made in large part financially responsible for employees' sickness absence and work disability and, at the same time, is obliged to use the professional support of a Health and Safety Service (HSS). It stands to reason that in this situation, making use of the HSS, the employer is motivated to prevent sickness absence and disablement of employees as effectively as possible. Preventing work disability critically depends on being able to predict disability through early identification of the future disabled. In order to develop a prediction procedure at the individual level, the present prospective study was conducted. Some 3,500 employees were followed for up to five years. Predictors of disability were sought among employees’opinions on their health, work, and working conditions as measured by the Questionnaire on Work and Health (QWH), and sick leave data. The QWH items are concerned with health, work and job circumstances. As expected, most (two thirds) cases of disability occur in male employees aged 50 and over. Disability in this group is strongly predicted by complaints about work strain, health, and illness behaviour, with the odds being in the 4 to 6 range. The odds can be raised to over 10 by including sick leave data. These predictions warrant individual preventive interventions. The results, taken together, speak for the predictive validity of the questionnaire and its usefulness to occupational health services in combating disabilit

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00389.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One of the main difficulties in carrying out an international comparison of retirement systems is the task of establishing clear common terminology. Like other social institutions, welfare systems differ from country to country; confusion can arise when a given word is applied to different institutional structures because such usage can mask important differences. On the basis of a comparison of complementary pension plans in the United States, Ireland, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, this paper discusses and clarifies the meanings of some key terms. The distinction between “private” and “public“ retirement plans, commonly used by Americans, can be erroneously applied to other systems, particularly that of France, where complementary retirement plans resemble American “private” plans in some respects and “public” plans in others. The terms “occupational” and “supplementary”, often used in Europe, can be used interchangeably; however, each one stresses different aspects of complementary plans. The terms “funding” and “pay‐as‐you‐go” and their equivalents in French (répartition and capitalisation) have somewhat different meanings and quite different connotations. Finally, the author discusses the concept of “social insurance”, as applied to both social security and complementary pension plans, to end with some reflections on the defini

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00390.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00391.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00392.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00393.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00394.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00395.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Gertrud E. Bollier.Leitfaden schweizerische Sozialversicherung(published by the Verein zürcherischer Gemeindeschreiber und Verwaltungsbeamter).Anne‐Marie Brocas et al.L'évolution des systèmes de protection sociale: état de la recherche en France et en RFA.Pierre Denis.Droit de la sécurité socialeHilmar Hoch.Geschichte des Liechtensteinischen Sozialversicherungsrechts (Dissertation).Robert J. Myers.Social securityNiwata Noriaki.Insurance: Its principles and practice in JapanHenry J. Aaron.Serious and unstable condition: Financing America's health care.Brian Abel‐Smith.Cost containment and new priorities in health care: A study of the European Community.John Appleby.Financing health are in the 1990s.Elias Coca; Joëlle Dubois‐Lefrère.Mnîtriser l'éovolution des dépenses hospitalières: Le PMSI.Gérard Gäfgen; Peter Oberender (eds.).Evaluation gesundheitspolitischer MassnahmenJames A. Gillespie.The price of health: Australian governments and medical politics 1910‐1960.William A. Glaser.Health insurance in practice: International variations in financing, benefits, and problems.Brigitte Bernardi‐Schenkluhn.Das Gesundheitssystern in der Schweiz: Akteure, Strukturen, Prozesse und RefonnstrafegienChristian Felkner; Peter Stein; Ulrike StutunüllerDie Entwicklung der Beitragsstruktur und ihrer Bestim‐mungsgründe in der GKV: eine Untersuchung der bei‐tragsstrukturrelevanten Entwicklungstendenm im Bereich der Träger der gesetzlichen Krankenversiche‐rung und ihrer möglichen Auswirkungen auf die Leis‐tungsfähigkeit des TrägersystemsCaroline Glendinning; Eithne McLaughlin.Paying for care: Lessons from EuropeH.E.G.M. Hennans; A.F. Casparie; J.H.P. Paelinck.Health care in Europe after 1992.Wulf‐Dietrich Leber.Risikostrukturausgleich in der gesetzlichen KrankenversicherungCarmelo Mesa‐Lago.Health care for the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean.Richard B. Saltman; Casten von Otter.Planned markets and public competition: Strategic reform in northern European health systems.Patricia van Sande.Das Gesundheitswesen in Belgien.Jacques Bichot.Quelles retraits en l'an 2000? Constat, analyses, solutions.Richard V. Burkhauser; Dallas L. Salisbury.Pension policy in a changing economy.Roger Voirin.Les retraites par capitalisation et les régimes de prévoyance des salariés.Ruth Cohen et al.Hardship Britain: Being poor in the 1990s.Jacques Fierens.Droit et pauvreté: Droits de l'homme, sécurité sociale, aide sociale.Carey Oppenheim.Poverty: The facts.Aletha C. Huston.Children in poverty: Child development and public policy.Bill Jordan et al.Trapped in poverty? Lubour market decisions in low‐income households.Peter Storr.Sozialhilfe: Eine Einführung in das System der Sozialen Sicherung.René Weber.Existenzsicherung ohne Fürsorge? Die negative Einkommenssteuer in Theorie und Praxis.Jacques Bichot.Economie de la protection sociale.James H. Schulz.The economics of agingEberhard Eichendorfer.Reform des Europäischen koordinierenden Sozialrechts.Zsuzsa Ferge; Jon Eivind Kolberg (eds.).Socinl policy in a changing EuropeBernd von Maydell; Friedrich E. Schnapp (eds.).Die Auswirkungen des EG‐Rechts auf das Arbeits‐ und Sozialrecht der Bundesrepublik — unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der neuen Bundesländer.Bernd Schulte; Hans F. Zacher (eds.).Interaction between European so

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00396.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY