ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article focuses on the historical development of small workers’mutual insurance societies whose members manage the fund themselves. The article begins by describing the remarkable similarities in terms of characteristics and development of these societies in different places and periods. It then discusses various non‐directly democratic competitors in the field of social insurance and forms of State intervention. Finally, the article attempts to explain why competition from the private sector and State interventions forced directly democratic societies to choose between bureaucratization, marginalization and disbandm

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The comparative history of the mutualist and workers’movements shows up several notable points of convergence, from their beginnings up until the Second World War. They were branches of a common tree: tradesmen's and workers’guilds were more often than not at the origin of union and pre‐union organizations and mutual aid societies. The two movements also developed in parallel over the course of the two industrial revolutions of 1780‐1840 and 1880‐1890. Despite this, their paths began increasingly to diverge. Setting out from the same essentially craft‐based social milieu as the unions, the mutualist movement gradually took root among the lower‐middle and middle classes, the civil service and the military. The mutualist ideology of a common good shared among the social classes was the antithesis of the prevailing ethos in the union movement, of which class struggle was the defining attribute. Finally, the aims of the two movements also diverged: on one hand the trade unionists, engaging in mass and sometimes violent action in support of immediate demands; on the other, the mutualists, working away at their necessarily long‐term administrative tasks. From the last quarter of the nineteenth century on, therefore, the mutualist and workers’movements entered into a process of increasin

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The mutual benefit movement in Chile first appeared with the beginnings of industrialization and urbanization from the 1830s onwards. The first associations of urban workers emerged in 1853: this was followed by an initial period of expansion of mutual benefit activities until 1890. Almost all the urban trades were represented. During this period the mutual benefit movement was the principal organizing force for popular demands. From the 1890s onwards mutual benefit — linked with the workers’movement — grew rapidly and entered on a process of unification. Encouraging the development of the trade union movement, it took a leading part in determining the shape of the people's movements and maintained this role until 1924: this period marked the high point of mutual benefit activities in Chile. Mutual benefit organizations defended workers’demands and the boundaries between mutual benefit and trade union organizations were quite fluid. But the adoption of the social legislation and the support offered by certain leaders of the mutual benefit movement to the military dictatorship marked the beginning of the movement's decline. Efforts were then made to extend its scope of activities and unify the mutual benefit movement in Chile and in Latin America as a whole. The results of this were limited and the crisis continued after the Second World War. The 1973 coup d'état aggravated the situation still further. Today, with the virtual destruction of social security and its replacement by a system of private insurance schemes, one needs to ask whether the Chilean mutual benefit movement, which at one time was the principal form of popular organization, has

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes workers’mutual benefit and welfare arrangements in late colonial India, concentrating on the Calcutta and Bombay areas. The meaning and specificities of informal, non‐governmental social security and insurance for industrial labour are explained in relation to the prevailing social situation. A descriptive account of the few known instances of efforts made by sections of the working classes to organize mutual assistance or benefits, and of the more numerous attempts made from time to time by philanthropists and social reformers to provide labour with social security in the virtual absence of formal organizations for mutual benefits, brings out some of the limitations of such efforts. The role of trade unions in relation to labour welfare is considered. Explanations of the weaknesses of the various arrangements are given. A preliminary analysis of the informal mechanisms for the provision of social security, insurance and mutual assistance in the absence of government support and employer provision and of formal mutual benefit and friendly societies is followed by concluding comme

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We do not know when or how mutual benefit societies first appeared in colonial Indonesia, but there is evidence that they were part of the lives of at least some of the ordinary people in the towns and cities by the last quarter of the nineteenth century. By the 1910s they were common in workplaces and kampung, the often less than salubrious parts of the towns and cities where wage labourers and their families lived. Large numbers of people joined and some of them handled significant sums of money. For many people, they were an essential help in coping with daily life on small incomes with no capacity to save and with the ever‐present threat of loss of work, sickness or death. The relationships between mutual benefit societies, labour unions political parties and other voluntary organizations which would contribute to Indonesian nationalism is of particular interest. Clearly, to be involved in, and to be seen to be involved in, mutual aid was important for all these urban organizations

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Hungary for most of the nineteenth century mutual benefit societies played a key role in providing various social groups with aid in case of illness, accident, disability or death. The majority were linked to the burgeoning working‐class movement and were voluntary associations whose members had no other recourse in times of adversity. Hungary was undergoing transformation in the nineteenth century. Changes in goods production and the craft guilds accelerated the establishment of workers’benefit societies, and so did the lack of a coherent system of social insurance in the new industrial order. They grew in tandem with the expansion of Hungary's economy and the return of constitutional government in 1867, and flourished from the 1870s to the decade preceding the First World War. Austria and Germany provided theoretical justifications and practical models. By the 1890s voluntary mutual benefit societies faced increasing competition from the State. As the economy and social structures evolved, successive governments sponsored their own insurance programmes. By the turn of the century, private companies were also offering life and accident insurance and the appeal of mutual benefit societies to both workers and the middle class diminished. Between the two world wars, they continued to serve a substantial segment of the populat

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Anyone engaged on research who tries to get to know, evaluate and describe the mutual benefit movement in its worldwide context always comes up against the differences in terminology and in constitutions, as well as the disparate nature and unreliability of the financial statements: an international maze in which the observer is completely lost. In spite of the real efforts of the Association internationale de la mutualité (International Association of Mutual Benefit Societies — AIM), the European Community, the International Social Security Association (ISSA), the Institute of International Social Cooperation (ICOSI) and of universities, the history, assessment and evolution — both recent and comparative — of the mutual benefit movement remain largely “terra in

ISSN:0020-871X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1993.tb00386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY