ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.The onrush of beneficial change which now flows in medical education has never been stronger since the start of this century. Such activity has not been seen since the era of Flexner. There can be no doubt that the world scene is now set for decisive, effective action. The many tributaries of the stream of reform converge this year at Edinburgh, to diverge again into six Regional Conferences during 1994 in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South‐East Asia and the Western Pacific. The centres of activity and connection cited below do not in any way make up a comprehensive catalogue. Rather, each development and each reform is a link in a chain, a module with which the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) has been implicated. Each name given, each title stated, is intended as a marker, a nexus. These are among the partners to be mobilized and brought together for the tas

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.The development of a questionnaire to assess the attitudes of medical students towards old people is described. Principal components analysis of the responses of 114 first‐year medical students revealed two orthogonal factors, named negative attitudes and medical intervention. Scores on these factors were compared among three groups of medical students: first‐year students, 64 clinical phase medical students prior to a geriatric medicine course, and 69 medical students who had completed a geriatric medicine course. Negative attitudes scores did not differ between first year and the clinical years, but were reduced after the geriatric medicine course. Scores on the medical intervention factor reduced significantly from first year to the clinical years and were not reduced further by the geriatric medicine course. Women tended to have lower scores on negative attitudes. Medical students appeared to change their attitudes concerning the degree to which medical intervention is appropriate as a result of preclinical or general medical experience. However, their reservations concerning the reward to be gained from working with elderly people were stable over the same periods, but were altered by a course in geriatric medic

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.The teaching of health education or health promotion to medical students is often difficult because they have little experience on which to base their learning. They have limited clinical knowledge and in particular their awareness of the value of and the opportunities for health promotion in general practice is limited. The problem‐oriented teaching method described here attempts to make the subject interesting and relevant by asking students, while in their practice attachments, to identify areas of need for health promotion or health education and then to prepare a poster, with supportive background and research, to satisfy that need for display in their given practic

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.One hundred and twelve medical students participating in a required 6‐week primary‐care rotation completed a pretest of environmental medicine knowledge and attitudes at the start of the rotation and a similar posttest on the last day of the rotation. Control group students were to participate in the usual weekly didactic sessions of the clerkship. Intervention students were given a booklet describing environmental considerations in clinical medicine and introducing them to the concept of risk assessment, three computer‐assisted instruction cases, and a problem‐based learning (PBL) exercise involving role‐play. Because voluntary compliance with evaluation forms was poor during year one, during the second year students in the intervention group were required to return evaluation forms in order to sit for the course final examination. Knowledge and attitudes of both intervention and control groups were compared at baseline and at the end of the rotation. Students in the intervention group also completed process evaluations of the intervention materials. Students in both intervention and control groups increased knowledge gains significantly during the second year of the intervention, while neither group improved during year 1. This may have been due to a ‘spill‐over’ effect among primary‐care teachers implementing the intervention. Students ranked both environmental and occupational medicine of least importance in their training compared with eight other aspects of medicine, and this ranking did not improve with intervention. The PBL exercise was well received by the students. Of 28 evaluations, 27 ranked the session in the highest 3 of a 5‐part Likert scale for worthwhile content, and 24 would recommend the session to a friend. When asked to list the most important things learned, 23 mentioned learning to look for additional information, and 12 mentioned realizing that the doctor does not know everything (and

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00294.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.This paper describes the methods used to establish an overseas elective programme in a new medical school, the objectives and the perceived results. The aims and objectives of the programme are listed. The students who participated in the programme were from the charter class and had completed the second year of a 3‐year clinical programme. The methods used to establish the programme are described. Destinations were organized through academic staff contacts. Systematic preparation of students was an important feature of the programme. Comparative costs and methods of financing the programme are described in detail. The results of the programme are analysed together with the form of assessment used and feedback from both the host institution and the student. The importance of monitoring progress while students are abroad is described. The discussion focuses on the benefits derived from an overseas elective programme for both students and teachers. The advantages and disadvantages of different destinations are compared. Further refinements to the programme are discussed including alternative methods of obtaining funding. The importance of developing reciprocal arrangements with other medical schools and institutions throughout the world is emphasize

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00295.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.The present article elaborates on cognitive effects of problem‐based learning put forward by Schmidt, De Volder, De Grave, Moust&Patel (1989) and Norman&Schmidt (1992). Its purpose is to discuss, in some detail, the theoretical premises of this approach to learning and instruction. It is argued that problem‐based learning, above all, promotes the activation of prior knowledge and its elaboration. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that these processes actually occur in small‐group tutorials and that the processing of new information is indeed facilitated by discussion of a relevant problem. These effects must be attributed to a reorganization taking place in the knowledge structures of students as a result of problem‐oriented study. In addition, a cognitive process called epistemic curiosity (or intrinsic interest) is enabled. Some directions for further research are outlined. The contribution starts, however, with a discussion of the philosophical and pedagogical roots of problem‐based

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00296.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.The oral examination in psychiatry for final‐year medical students at Wellington and Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, was studied. Between December 1989 and April 1990, 40 medical students were videorecorded during such an examination. The transcripts of the recording of each oral, and at a later date the videorecordings, were individually scored by a panel of six research psychiatrists who were experienced examiners. In addition verbal and non‐verbal behaviour was rated using visual analogue scales and the students completed personality and anxiety questionnaires. There was a low level of agreement between research psychiatrists in the allocation of oral marks. The oral score was positively associated with the level of confidence of the student and negatively with anxiety in

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00297.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.This study is part of the Finnish Junior Physicians 88 Study, the purpose of which was to shed light on the life situation, career choice and future plans of young doctors and their views on medical education. The survey population included all the medical doctors registered during the years 1977‐1986 in Finland (n = 5208). A postal questionnaire was sent to a sample of 2632 doctors born on odd‐numbered days. After a reminder letter, 1745 questionnaires (66%) were returned. Forty‐nine per cent of the respondents were women. Typically both men and women doctors had a father who was an upper‐level white‐collar worker and a mother who was a housewife. More men than women had a father who was a doctor or other health professional. More women than men mentioned that a lifelong calling (42% vs 30%), success at school (58% vs 47%) and an interest in helping people (78% vs 71%) had considerable influence on their decision to become a doctor. Men more often than women emphasized the medical profession being regarded as a highly paid (56% vs 47%) and a high status profession (64% vs 56%) and also that a family member was a doctor (15

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00298.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary.Determination of factors which influence medical students' choice of a specialty is potentially important for decisions regarding medical school curricular changes that might influence students' specialty choice. Beginning in 1988, we developed and annually revised a specialty choice questionnaire which was administered to the senior class at the Medical College of Georgia School of Medicine from 1988 to 1991. This paper presents reliability and validity data regarding the questionnaire.Validation procedures involved driving a multiple discriminant function to determine the significance of relationships between a variable and choice of a primary care (PC) or non‐primary care (NPC) specialty. Structure coefficients for the multiple discriminant functions that were statistically and practically significant were desire for longitudinal patient care opportunities and desire for monetary rewards.Estimates of internal consistency were derived using Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for this item set were 0.71, 0.59 and 0.46 for 1988, 1989 and 1990 respectively. Test‐retest coefficients for the 1991 12‐item questionnaire ranged from 0.51 to

ISSN:0737-3805    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.1993.tb00299.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID