摘要:

The primary goal of the Clean Water Act is “to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waterways.” One measure of that integrity is the dissolved oxygen content of water, which can be dangerously altered by the structure of dams and hydroelectric plants. However, two federal courts of appeals have held that Congress did not intend to regulate the destructive discharges of dams under the Clean Water Act. This paper briefly describes the relationship between dissolved oxygen and water quality and explains how dams and hydroelectric facilities pollute the surrounding waters. The paper concludes that the erroneous decisions of the two circuit courts are serious threats to the economic viability and biological integrity of the nation's waterways. Actions by both Congress and the Environmental Protection Agency are suggested.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354627

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A series of lake-specific booklets, “Lake Profiles,” was developed in northern Michigan to transfer water quality information from a technical information source (the University of Michigan Biological Station) to a local audience (lake property owners and public officials). Each lake profile was devoted to a single water body, averaged 10 pages, and was amply illustrated with maps, photos, and graphs. Sections were included on the history of settlement, limnological and land use characteristics, and the identification of critical concerns potentially affecting water quality degradation. A followup questionnaire indicated that the lake profiles were, indeed, effective in communicating water quality information and aided in the local initiation of specific lake protection programs. The development of each lake profile involved frequent meetings with local residents and officials and cosponsorship by a lake property owners' association. Although the lake-specific content of the booklets was important, we attribute the success of this program as much, if not more so, to the process of developing the lake profiles with local involvement.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354628

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The implementation phase of the Liberty Lake restoration project included construction of marsh flushing controls, dredging of 21 ha of the lake bottom, and treatment of the lake waters with aluminum sulfate. This work was started in November 1979 and completed in May 1981. After four years of postrestoration water quality monitoring nutrient levels in the lake and inflowing waters have been reduced, and the trophic state has declined toward a more mesotrophic condition. Comparison of pre- and postrestoration nutrient budgets indicates that a reduction in phosphorus loading of 34 percent was achieved. It appears that the sewering was primarily responsible for this reduction. Although the desired change in the phytoplankton community (from primarily blue-green to primarily green algae) did not occur, indications are that long-term productivity and incidence of blue-green blooms has been significantly reduced. In addition, if the restoration had not been done when it was, water quality in Liberty Lake would have been severely degraded because of high flood flows and nutrient loading through the marsh system. The realized benefits of, and problems with, the individual efforts involved in this multiphased project are documented in the following discussion.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354629

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Falmouth, Mass., Nutrient Loading Project focuses on the presumption that housing density within the watersheds of fresh and coastal ponds is related to water quality. In the fall of 1982, the town began investigating the relationship between water quality and the extent to which septic systems, lawn fertilizers, and road drainage leached into water systems. The town was (and remains) reasonably convinced that water quality, both fresh and salt, is dramatically affected by the amount of nutrients entering the water from septic systems and other man-related sources. On this basis, the town devised a means of regulating the amount of nutrients entering the town's water systems vis-a-vis zoning and subdivision controls.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354630

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effect of dilution on lake water quality is analyzed using steady-state mass-balance phosphorus models. The critical (that is, no-effect) phosphorus (P) concentration for dilution water exceeds the lake's predilution concentration by the factor 1/(1 – R), if the retention coefficient R is constant. On the other hand, if the P settling velocity is constant, then the critical dilution water concentration equals the lake's predilution concentration. Dimensionless response surfaces are presented for these alternative models. Data from many lakes support the first model. Applied to the Minneapolis Chain of Lakes, this model investigated water quality effects of augmentation for water level maintenance. Surprisingly, augmenting with Mississippi River water—for which facilities already exist—benefits water quality almost as much as would high-quality ground water.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354631

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Models of wind-induced vertical mixing and nitrogen-limited phytoplankton growth produced data for a management model for Moses Lake, a hypereutrophic lake in eastern Washington. This approach preserved the simplicity and flexibility of the management model without sacrificing the advantages offered by complex models. The model considers two-week periods and was calibrated and verified with limitations. While the model predicts bloom times and maximum well, the decay of blooms is not predicted well in one out of three cases. The model evaluated scenarios of dilution water inputs and best management practices strategies. For the Moses Lake watershed a constant dilution water addition of 5.7 m3/sec produced significantly greater chlorophyll a reductions when compared against no dilution or 30 m3/sec springtime dilution scenerios. Reductions in chlorophyll a were demonstrated with decreased nutrient loading into the lake (such as controlled fertilizer additions to irrigated land).

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354632

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Selecting a lake improvement method can be facilitated by computer simulation of the effects of various alternatives on lake water quality. Dynamic simulation of cause/effect relationships on the most important physical, chemical, and biological processes encountered in a lake allows extrapolation to future conditions on a rational basis. Not all lake processes are understood well enough to be properly modeled. However, features such as temperature stratification, turbidity, nutrient levels, and phytoplankton populations have been simulated successfully. A discussion of types of lake improvement techniques which can be simulated and those which cannot be simulated will be made. Examples of simulations evaluating improvement techniques will be given. Dynamic water quality simulation is an efficient and rational tool to compare quality and cost effectiveness of certain lake improvement techniques.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354633

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A seasonal phosphorus model was used to predict the effect of proposed watershed development on water quality in Lake Sammamish, Wash. The model was calibrated and verified using daily loadings from two separate annual data sets. Phosphorus yields were scaled from literature values using actual loadings. Results indicate that substantial runoff controls should be applied to maintain water quality at its present, near oligotrophic state and prevent its return to a prewastewater diversion mesotrophic–eutrophic state.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354634

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Most States are, by law, responsible for providing public access to navigable waters. How that access is provided varies in quality, efficiency, politics, and procedure from state to state. Federal grants for developing access sites are anticipated to increase, prompting the question: If we had a million dollars to spend on public access tomorrow, where would we spend it? This paper critically reviews the access development procedures of many states and provinces of Canada, examining innovative public policy planning procedures such as decision analysis, simulations, stakeholder analysis, systems analysis, multiattribute utility theory, and operations research. The author recommends optimal pathways to sound public investments for public access. The conclusions indicate that scientific formulas do not work well in determining where access sites should be developed. Rather, a careful understanding of the social and political processes really becomes the important decision criterion.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354635

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Wisconsin's new Lake Management Program began in 1985 after a two-year hiatus when no comprehensive state program existed to address lake management issues. In 1974, a nationally recognized, pioneering state–local co-operative program in lake renewal and protection had been established. After eight years, funding for administration and implementation of this program was eliminated, despite major accomplishments in the areas of education and involvement of local citizens in lake management, preparation of lake management plans, and implementation of lake projects, all of which helped advance the science of lake renewal and management. A combination of program deficiencies, many of which are generic to any resource management program, contributed to the lake program's eventual demise. These deficiencies included leadership and administrative weaknesses, difficulties in coordinating this program with others affecting lake resources, a focus on short-term remedial strategies at the expense of long-term solutions to lake problems, and the reactive role of the state regarding local lake districts and programs. The new program for lake management has been designed to remedy those deficiencies and to build upon Wisconsin's past experience in managing lake resources.

ISSN:1040-2381    

DOI:10.1080/07438148609354636

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor