ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100801

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs a part of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) biomonitoring program a series of toxicity tests was conducted with process water from a chemical plant usingCeriodaphnia dubiaandPimephales promelas.There were marked differences among the two tested species. The acute (LC50) values from 96‐h static toxicity tests withPimephales promelaswere always lower (higher toxicity) than the values obtained from the invertebrate tests. The concentration of ammonia in the effluent, particularly its un‐ionized form (250 mg NH4‐N/L, which represents 0.7 mg NH3‐N/L), was above the threshold concentration for most freshwater species and therefore was the primary suspect of the toxicity present in the effluent.Prior to initiation of the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) program, chemical analyses that included measurements of inorganic and organic parameters were conducted with the effluent. During the TIE fractionation, a portion of the sample was purged with nitrogen to remove volatile organics, and a second portion of the sample was pressure‐filtered through a 0.45‐μm filter. Because toxicity equal to the whole sample was found in these fractions, a portion of the inorganic fraction was subfractionated into zeolite, clinoptilolite, activated carbon, pH‐adjustment, aeration, and cation fractions. The results of these tests confirmed that ammonia played a role in the sample's toxicity. However, when ammonia was removed from the effluent sample, toxicity was still present. Next organic chemicals were fractionated as suspected sources of toxicity. At first, organics were removed from the effluent by passing the filtered sample over an XAD‐resin column. Because a portion of the reconstituted organic fraction was toxic, the organic fraction was subfractionated further by extracting with dichloromethane at pH>11, pH<2, and pH 7.1. The dichloromethane extracts were toxic, whereas the aqueous portions were not toxic. The neutral extract, which was more toxic than the basic and acidic extract, was further fractionated by using HPLC. Seventeen HPLC fractions were isolated and tested for toxicity to determine which constituent(s) were responsible for the observed whole e

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100802

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy using gas chromatography coupled with low‐ and high‐resolution electron‐impact mass spectrometry, low‐ and high‐resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, eight straight‐chain aldehydes were identified in a water sample taken from the overflow pipe of a municipal sewer line that contained a combination of industrial and domestic sewage. This combination of infrared and mass spectral techniques yielded precise identifications ofn‐hexanal,n‐heptanal, 2‐heptenal,n‐octanal, 2‐octenal,n‐nonanal, 2‐decenal, and 2‐undecenal. These findings were significant because few straight‐chain aldehydes have been identified in the environment, and all those pr

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100803

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeventy samples of airborne particulates were sampled from two sites in Thessaloniki, Greece, during the period of one year, starting in July 1987. Thessaloniki is located in the northeastern part of Greece and is the second most highly populated city of the country. The 24‐h samples were taken by using high‐volume samplers located in two monitoring sites — 1 and 2. Site 1 was located at the center of the city (main pollution sources were traffic and central heating), whereas site 2 was in the industrial zone of the city (main sources were industrial activities and traffic). The collected particulates were examined for their mutagenicity with the Ames test. The analysis of particulates to determine their content in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was done by the gas chromatographic method. The column used to separate the various PAHs was a wide‐bore capillary column. Ten PAHs were identified and quantified in the atmosphere of Thessaloniki. No essential differences were found between the mean values of PAH concentrations measured at the two sites, whereas the mutagenicity values at site 1 (central area) were higher than those measured at site 2 (industrial site). The PAH concentrations were moderate if compared with those found in other polluted cities in the world, whereas the mutagenic activity of particulates was low. Higher values of PAH concentrations and mutagenicity were found during winter. During Sundays the PAH concentrations were lower than those measured on weekdays. No significant linear correlation was found between PAH concentrations and mutagenicity for both sites of measurements. The main sources of PAHs were estimated to be the stationary sources in winter and the traffic in summer for both measuring sites. Higher values of both PAH concentrations and mutagenicity were found during days with ligh

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100804

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKinetics of disappearance of seven different disperse dyes were determined in compacted sediments at room temperature. The commercial dyes (in dispersed solid form) were representative of nitroazo, anthraquinone, and quinoline structures that are widely used. Reaction rates were found to be first order over at least two half‐lives and were different for the three groups of dyes. Half‐lives were on the order of hours, days, and months for the nitroazobenzene, aminoanthraquinone, and quinoline dyes, respectively. Stability of the latter is consistent with detection of a quinoline dye in treatment plant sludge and in sediment from a water body receiving treated effluent. The azobenzene dyes are degraded by cleavage of the azo group to give anilines and ring‐substituted phenylenediamines from the diazo component of the molecule. Products from the other portion (coupling component) of the molecule are unidentified, as yet, but are expected to beN, N‐disubstituted phenylenediamines. Products of the anthraquinone dyes were unidentified, except for the case of a nitrated dye on which the nitro group was

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100805

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAccumulation of hydrophobic organic xenobiotics is thought to occur by passive diffusion across the respiratory membrane of aquatic organisms. This route has been confirmed with fish. However, aquatic invertebrates tend to remove organic xenobiotics from water much more efficiently than oxygen, based on the relative uptake clearances. Uptake clearance is the rate coefficient that describes the volume of water stripped of analyte per g of organism per h. For the amphipodDiporeiasp., formerly classified asPontoporeia hoyi, ratios of the contaminant uptake clearances to oxygen clearance were essentially constant at 3.9 ± 0.4 (X+SE) for benzo[α]pyrene (BaP), 3.8 ± 0.3 for hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP), and 4.2 ± 0.6 for phenanthrene (Phe). Therefore, based on the membrane transport efficiencies of nonpolar xenobiotics (60–80%) and oxygen (approximately 63%) in fish, and the uptake clearance for organic xenobiotics byDiporeiasp., either xenobiotics are accumulated through routes other than across the respiratory membrane or the accumulation efficiency of oxygen from water is much lower in amphipods than it is in fish. The variability in the uptake clearance for both BaP and HCBP was best described by regressions with the surface area‐to‐volume ratio, whereas the uptake clearance for the more hydrophilic Phe was best described by a total surface area rel

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100806

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOzonated and chlorinated drinking water produced by a surface water treatment plant was examined to determine if genotoxins were formed by the treatment process The examined technology included ozonation (oxidation) and chlorination (disinfection), but excluded granular activated carbon or slow sand filtration following the ozonation step Investigations involved cytogenetic assays, chromosomal aberration, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analyses of 70‐h human peripheral lymphocyte cultures treated with water isolates obtained on XAD resins Neutral XAD 2/4, XAD‐8, and acidic XAD‐2/4–8 fractions were tested separately in 1‐, 10‐, 20‐μl/ml concentrations of the 7,000‐fold isolates without metabolic activation A weak but significant (p<0.05) SCE‐inducing activity could be detected only upon treatment with the neutral XAD‐2/4 fraction Clastogenicity and mitotic inhibition were not observed in the give

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100807

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEarthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) coelomic leukocytes, or coelomocytes, were shown to have sufficient ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium dye (NBT) for potential use as a surrogate biomarker to assess nonspecific immunotoxicity of environmental xenobiotics. NBT reduction is used clinically to evaluate potential of human leukocytes to oxidatively kill phagocytosed microorganisms. Coelomocyte NBT reduction, which exhibited time–response patterns similar to those of human and murine neutrophils and murine macrophages, was sensitive to Cu and/or Pb contaminants in refuse‐derived fuel fly ash (RDFF). NBT reduction by coelomocytes from earthworms exposed for 5 d to RDFF:commercial soil mixtures decreased significantly with increasing sublethal RDFF concentrations of 10, 30, 50, and 70%. Compared to soil‐exposed controls, dye reduction was significantly suppressed in all but the 10% RDFF group: 40, 59, and 64% of controls, respectively. Differences were significant among experimentals, except between 50 and 70% RDFF. Tissue levels of Cu and Pb accorded with RDFF exposure concentrations in which suppression of NBT reduction occurred. NBT reduction was not significantly suppressed in coelomocytes from earthworms exposed to 70% fly ash that had been acid‐washed to remove

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100808

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCeriodaphnia dubiaRichard used in 7‐d chronic toxicity testing from six environmental testing centers were assayed for allozymic variability at 11 enzymatic loci. Ten of the eleven scored loci were monomorphic and homozygous in all six stocks. One stock was homozygous for an alternative electromorph, as compared to the other five, at the glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) locus. Laboratory stocks comprise two morphologically distinguishable forms ofCeriodaphnia dubiathat may be environmentally determined.Ceriodaphnia lacustrisandCeriodaphnia reticulatafrom natural populations showed within‐ or between‐population allozymic variability at 8 of the 11 loci, suggestingCeriodaphniapossesses genetic variability equivalent to that of other cladocerans. The three species ofCeriodaphniaare closely related, having only one diagnostic electromorph that separatesCeriodaphnia dubiafrom the other two species. Possible causes of the monomorphism of the laboratory stocks are

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100809

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLarge‐scale outdoor experimental streams were used in a series of effluent addition studies to determine the compatibility of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent with satisfactory production of salmonid fishes. Results are reported for 9‐ to 10‐month studies at effluent concentrations representing from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L of effluent 5 d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) addition (1.3–5.1% v/v), as well as for an extended 3.5‐year study at 0.5 BOD5addition (1.5% v/v). The series of studies indicated a pattern of greater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cumulative production and average weight in streams receiving effluent and better survival in the control streams. The final long‐term study also indicated that successful maturation, spawning, hatching, larval development, and juvenile growth could take place during conditions of continuous effluent exposure. Measurements of the supporting food web suggest that effluent can increase periphyton production at low concentrations through nutrient additions but that higher effluent concentrations may reduce periphyton production due to the effect of color on underwater light transmittance. Macroinvertebrate populations increased in the streams receivi

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620100810

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY