摘要:

AbstractThe bacterial mutagenicity of runoff water from soils contaminated with hazardous industrial waste was monitored for a three‐year period usingSalmonella typhimuriumstrain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The wastes included a wood‐preserving waste, a combined American Petroleum Institute (API) separator/slop oil emulsion sludge and a storm‐water runoff impoundment waste. The wastes were applied to a Weswood silt loam soil (Fluventic Ustochrept) and a Bastrop clay loam soil (Udic Paleustalf) at a rate of 3.1% (wt./wt.) for the wood‐preserving waste and of 4.5% for the two refinery wastes.The results indicate that the runoff water from each of the waste‐amended soils contained mutagenic constituents. The maximum specific activity was 783 net revertants per milligram residue, which was induced by the runoff water collected from the storm‐water runoff impoundment‐amended Weswood soil 360 d after application and assayed with metabolic activation. This sample also yielded the maximum weighted activity of 6,554 revertants per liter of runoff water. The mutagenic activities of the runoff water from all waste‐amended soils displayed significant increases through 360 d after application and, in most cases, significant decreases in the samples collected approximately three years after application. The mutagenic activities of the runoff water from the Weswood soil were consistently greater than the activities of the runoff water from the Bastrop soil. These results indicate that three years or more may be required for the mutagenic activity of runoff water to return to background level, and that different soils will differ in their capacities to retain mutagenic chemicals during

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080301

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdaptation by natural microbial communities may be operationally defined as an increase in the biodegradation rate of a chemical as a result of exposure to the material. The comparative adaptation of sediment‐associated and water microbial communities to the sorptive cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (C12‐TMAC) was studied in continuous‐flow, settled‐sediment microcosms. In microcosms initially exposed to an input concentration of 0.1 mg/L C12‐TMAC, biodegradation activity in the water column increased 20‐fold after approximately 10 to 15 d. As input concentrations of C12‐TMAC entering the microcosm were increased, water column biodegradation activity also increased, even though measured water column concentrations remained relatively constant, due to biodegradation and/or adsorption. When C12‐TMAC input was reduced to zero, microbial activity returned to control levels. Sediment biodegradative activity was unaffected by input concentrations of C12‐TMAC below 0.5 mg/L. When the input concentration was increased to 10 mg/L, biodegradative activity increased by at least 10‐fold. Once adaptation had occurred in the sediments, the process was relatively unaffected by reductions in the concentration of C12‐TMAC entering the microcosms. Thus, relative to processes in the water column, the presence of sediments can influence both the onset of adaptatio

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080302

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSelected organic chemicals were tested to determine the minimum concentrations at which complete inhibition of microbial degradative processes occurred. Complete inhibition did not occur at less than 2 g/L phenol, 10 g/L toluene orn‐butanol and 100 g/L acetone, benzene or methanol. Consequently, microbial degradative processes may play a significant role in the abatement of even very high organic pollutant concentrations. Glucose utilization and thymidine uptake rates were tested as indicators of the toxic effects of the organic pollutants. Both methods accurately indicated the concentrations of organic pollutants required to cause cessation of degradative activities and could serve as indicators of degradative inhibition, in lieu of degradation studies, when analytical processes for test organics are expensive or unavailable. Degradation kinetics of the high organic chemical concentrations followed typical multiphasic kinetic patterns, which tended to yield pseudo‐first‐order degradation rates over a wide range of chemical concentrations, except when chemical concentrations were sufficiently high to elicit metabolic inhib

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080303

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCreosote‐contaminated sediment from one station (EH08) in Eagle Harbor, Washington, is among the most toxic sediment yet tested from U.S. estuaries and coastal waters. The total concentration of 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in EH08 sediment was 6,461 mg/kg (dry wt.). The concentrations of phenanthrene and fluoranthene in this sediment were more than two orders of magnitude greater than their acutely lethal concentrations. In dilution experiments with uncontaminated sediment from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, the 4‐d LC50 of EH08 sediment to the amphipodRhepoxynius abronius(Barnard) was 666 mg/kg (wet wt.). Sediment from other stations within 150 m of EH08 was not acutely toxic toRhepoxynius, indicating the patchiness of sediment contamination and toxicity in Eagle Har

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080304

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStandard bioassays were studied to evaluate their value in guiding remedial action decisions at sites contaminated with wood treatment operation wastes. The toxicities of sediment, sediment elutriate and whole water samples collected from a creek adjacent to a wood treatment site in Mississippi were estimated using six bioassays and compared with estimated concentrations of creosote and related materials obtained from the same samples by infrared spectroscopy. Of the bioassays,Daphniaand Microtox were most sensitive to the contaminants from the wood treatment operation. Based on an analysis of these samples, chemical analysis alone is insufficient to guide cleanup decisions, but bioassays alone can provide usable guidance, especially if more than one contaminant is present.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080305

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBioconcentration data are reported for a series of superhydrophobic chemicals including polybrominated biphenyls, brominated benzenes, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). The observed bioconcentration factors follow a linear relationship with the 1‐octanol/water partition coefficient for chemicals with a log Kowof up to 6. For chemicals with higher Kowvalues, the bioconcentration factors were lower than expected from the linear relationship. This loss of linear correlation is shown to be caused by (a) a low fraction of bioavailable chemical in the water, (b) elimination of chemical into the feces, (c) an insufficient exposure time to achieve equilibrium and (d) fish growth. Procedures are presented by which the magnitudes and relative contributions of these factors to reducing the apparent bioconcentration factor from linearity can be determine

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080306

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe physiological responses of rainbow trout to acutely lethal aqueous concentrations of the suspected polar narcotics phenol, 2,4‐dimethylphenol, aniline, 2‐chloroaniline and 4‐chloroaniline were examined. Visible signs of intoxication included tremors that progressed to whole‐organism clonic seizures, followed by general depression and respiratory‐cardiovascular collapse. Tremors and seizures were usually initiated with coughs. The most striking changes in the respiratory‐cardiovascular parameters for all five toxicants included elevated cough frequency (coincident with seizures), ventilation frequency and hematocrit, and depressed gill oxygen uptake efficiency, arterial pH, total arterial oxygen and total arterial carbon dioxide. The physiological responses noted were attributed to the initial muscular activity associated with seizures followed by respiratory‐cardiovascular collapse. Using phenol as a model compound, these effects were found to be reversible when intoxicated fish were exposed to chemical‐free water. Principal components analyses of the physiological responses demonstrated that the 11 monitored variables were highly correlated. Interpretation of the principal components showed that responses within each toxicant‐exposure group were distinct from those of the control group. The response data sets for the suspected polar narcotics (N= 20 fish) were combined with four fish acute toxicity syndromes (FATS) (N= 32 fish) previously described (respiratory uncoupler syndrome, respiratory irritant syndrome, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor syndrome and narcosis syndrome), and assessed using discriminant function analysis. This analysis showed that all 52 trout could be correctly classified into their respective FATS. As a result, two separate narcosis FATS, narcosis type I (previous work) and narcosis type II (this study), were defined. Identification of a narcosis type II syndrome supports the concept of developing quantitative structure‐activity relationship models for pola

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080307

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLead poisoning and other causes of mortality of trumpeter swans were investigated. Necropsies or Pb concentrations in livers were available for 72 trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) found dead in seven western states from 1976 to 1987; data from other published and unpublished sources (1925 to 1987) also are summarized. Ingestion of lead artifacts (shotgun pellets or fishing sinkers) accounted for about 20% of the known mortality of trumpeter swans in the tri‐state area of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, where the population has been declining for several decades. In western Washington, the incidence of lead‐induced mortality was higher and accounted for nearly 50% of the known mortalities. Maximum Pb concentrations (wet weight) in the livers of birds found dead and in whole blood from captured swans were 37 and 0.71 μg/g, respectively. Other elements, including Cd, Cu and Zn, were generally not elevated in blood and tissue samples. It is not certain that lead toxicosis is related to the decline of the tri‐state swan population. Other causes of mortality in swans include gunshot, disease and traumatic injuries (i

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620080308

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY