ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050201

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the town of Armadale in central Scotland, where high rates of mortality and high birth sex ratios (males/females) have been observed, the main industry is steel production. Previous studies have shown a geographical relationship between the foundry, air pollution by metals as measured by low‐technology biomonitors, and the epidemiological abnormalities. In this study, the patterns of pollution in Armadale were investigated by taking soil cores from 29 sites within the town. The concentrations of metals in all samples were measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and 19 of the samples were analysed using x‐ray fluorescence. The results extended the knowledge about the pattern of pollution in Armadale, and also allowed the direct comparison of these two methods of analysis in a study of soil pollut

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050202

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMussels (Mytilus californianus) transplanted to San Francisco Bay exhibited elevated trace metal concentrations compared with those in other mussel watch studies on the west coast of the United States. The highest concentrations of Ag, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn were at the South Bay stations, and often in the Redwood Creek area. Ag and Hg concentrations were linearly correlated with station distance from the North Bay (San Pablo Bay), indicating that the South Bay is a major reservoir of these pollutants within San Francisco Bay.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050203

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDissolved organic carbon (DOC), isolated from each of nine surface waters in the southeastern United States, was fractionated into two nominal molecular size fractions, i.e., 52 Å

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050204

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExhaustive steam distillation extracted several intermediate molecular weight organic chemicals effectively from rainbow trout, but a high molecular weight organic, benzo[a]pyrene, was not extracted. Fish lipids that do not steam‐distill appear to retain extremely lipophilic organics in the boiling flask. Therefore, exhaustive steam distillation should be used cautiously in screening effluents for chemicals that are bioaccumulate

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050205

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing field‐collected and laboratory cultures, bacterial transformation rates for one azo and two triphenylmethane dyes were studied as a means of assessing the potential degradation of these compounds in aquatic environments. Transformation was measured as loss of color by spectrophotometry, and first‐ and second‐order transformation rate coefficients were determined. Second‐ order coefficients (kb) were based on total colony‐forming units (CFU) of bacteria in batch cultures. Percentages of total bacteria that transformed the dyes were determined by isolating bacterial colonies from field‐collected samples and testing the isolates for the capacity to transform the dyes in dilute nutrient medium. The azo dye, Acid Orange 6, was not transformed under the aerobic conditions of these studies. Basic Violet 1 was transformed andk1values ranged from ‐0.003 to ‐0.023 h−1, with a mean (kb) of 3.5 × 10−14L CFU−1h−1. Basic Violet 3 also was transformed andk1values ranged from ‐0.002 to ‐0.012 h−1, with a meankbof 2.8 × 10−14L CFU−1h−1. The percentage of transformer bacteria for Basic Violet 1 ranged from 6 to 28%, with a mean of 13.5%, and the range for Basic Violet 3 was 0 to 24%, with a mean of 8.32%. Therefore, the triphenylmethane dyes were transformed at similar rates, and similar fractions of the total bacterial population

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050206

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of application methods on movement and degradation of aldicarb residues was studied in a typically stony, Maine potato field by comparing aldicarb applied in‐furrow at planting with aldicarb top‐dressed at emergence. At the end of the growing season, residues from the at‐planting application were found primarily in the top 0.6 m of soil and the residues from the emergence application were found primarily in the top 0.3 m. One year later, the residues were dispersed throughout the top 1.5 m of soil and had been reduced to about 5% of the original application. This study supports other work that has demonstrated that in the northeastern United States and Wisconsin, early aldicarb at‐planting applications generally result in greater aldicarb residue movement than do later emergence applications.The study is also useful in illustrating variability of soil samples, which exhibited an average coefficient of variation of 110%. The results indicate that little information is lost due to compositing samples, so that compositing samples appears to be an option for reducing analytical costs associated with soil

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050207

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe sorption and mineralization ofp‐nitrophenol were studied in sediment from a Louisiana Gulf Coast estuary. The rate of mineralization ofp‐nitrophenol, as determined by14CO2release, was found to be several orders of magnitude faster under oxidized (aerobic) conditions than under reduced (anaerobic) conditions. The results also indicated a rapid sorption of the compound from the water column by the sediment and only minimal re‐release. Due to sorption from the water columns and slow degradation of the compound in an anaerobic system, such as in bottom sediment, it is likely that this compound would persist for years in reduced estuarine sed

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050208

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResults from single‐species toxicity tests form the basis for guidance about concentrations of chemicals that are likely to be environmentally hazardous. Microcosm bioassays have been proposed as better tools for this purpose under some circumstances. Rarely have comparisons been made among the responses in the various test systems and those seen in natural communities. We compared the responses among single‐species algal assays, a synthetic microcosm (the Taub microcosm) and experimental ponds exposed to similar concentrations of atrazine by comparing concentrations of atrazine that reduced algal activity or biomass to 50% of control values (EC50). Eight algal species were examined; mean species EC50 values for14C uptake ranged from 37 to 308 μg/L. For the Taub microcosm, EC50 values were 103 to 159 μg/L for14C uptake, 126 to 165 μg/L for dissolved oxygen production and 106 to 164 μg/L for dissolved oxygen consumption. Values were dependent on the time intervals selected for calculations. In the ponds, EC50 values for14C uptake were 100 μg/L and for chlorophylla, 82 μg/L. The basic similarity among EC50 values across test systems suggests that results from a combination of single‐species assays, or the Taub microcosm, provided a reasonable estimate of the concentration of atrazine that produced similar direct effects on more natural

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050209

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe 24‐h oral LD50 of methyl parathion (phosphorothioic acidO, O‐dimethyl O‐(4‐nitrophenyl) ester) to little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) (372 mg/kg) was 8.5 times the LD50 for mice (Mus musculus) (44 mg/kg). However, orally dosed mice either died or appeared behaviorally normal after 2 to 3 h, whereas many dosed bats, although alive at 24 h, could not right themselves when placed on their backs. The oral dose estimated to cause this loss of coordination in 50% of a sample of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) was one‐third or less the LD50 of this species. Cholinesterase activity depression in brains of little brown bats was similar whether dosage was oral or dermal. With death as the criterion, bats proved relatively insensitive to methyl parathion in 24‐h tests, but considerations of the chemical's potential to cause coordination loss, leading to capture and death by predators, coupled with bats' naturally low reproductive rates, suggest possible injury to exposed bat

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620050210

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY