ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070301

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSolubilities and vapor pressures from the literature are combined with calculated octanol/water partition coefficients,Kow, to assess the expected environmental behavior of about 50 dyes. Most of the older disperse dyes (those that have been in use for decades) have solubilities on the order of 10−7to 10−6m. This solubility suggests the potential for a 30‐ to 150‐fold concentration enhancement in sediments and bioconcentration of about 1,000 times in the absence of metabolism. The data also indicate that solubilities computed fromKow(estimated by the substituent method) may be significantly overestimated and that the product of subcooled liquid solubility and estimatedKowfor disperse dyes is 10 to 100 times smaller than reported for most other compounds.Henry's law constants calculated from solubility and vapor pressure show that the disperse and vat dyes will be entirely gas‐phase‐controlled in their rate of volatilization from water and that this process will be extremely slow. No definitive conclusions can be drawn about the behavior of more recently developed disperse dyes. The available physical constants are compiled along with structures, Color Index number, CAS number and names for 8

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070302

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough regression analyses between the acute oral or intraperitoneal LD50 values for both rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) and the 96‐h LC50 values for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) or rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals were statistically significant, the large variability in the regressions limits their practical utility for interspecies extrapolations. To gain a better understanding of this variability, analyses were performed to reveal the structural features characteristic of those chemicals that deviate substantially from the interspecies regressions. The criterion selected to indicate excessive variability was a greater‐than‐fourfold difference between the observed rodent LD50 and that estimated from the regression against the fish data. Discriminant function analyses showed aldehydes, esters and organophosphorus insecticides to be the primary outliers in the fish‐to‐rodent comparisons. Rodents were generally less sensitive to intoxication with carbonyl‐containing compounds but more sensitive to organophosphate anticholinesterase poisoning than were fish. This species‐selectivity for both classes of chemicals correlates with species‐related differences in metabolic clearance and/or pharmacodynamic differences in target organ sensitivities. Since these same idiosyncracies in metabolic disposition and receptor sensitivity would be suspected to be operative for structurally related chemical compounds, interspecies extrapolations of toxicity information for both carbonyl compounds and for anticholinesterase agents should take into consideration these important factors, which confer certain degrees of species‐selectivity for these

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070303

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn acute toxicity tests with guppies (Poecilia reticulata), lethal effects were found for 1,2,3‐tri‐, 1,2,3,4‐tetra‐, and pentachlorobenzene if the concentrations in the fish approached 2.0 to 2.5 μmol/g fish. The lethal concentrations were equal for the three test compounds and were independent of the exposure conditions. The lethal concentrations of chlorobenzenes in guppies were equal to those previously found for polychlorinated biphenyls in goldfish but approximately two times higher than those found for chlorinated phenols in goldfish. Combinations of the exposure times and exposure concentrations causing mortality can be described and readily predicted with a first‐order bioconcentra

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070304

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLong‐term exposures over 96 h provide valuable information on the behavior of toxic chemicals that cannot be obtained from short‐term tests. Time‐dependent LC50 and dose‐time‐response plots are important in evaluating the toxicity of chemical compounds to test organisms. However, their use is limited because of cumbersome calculations. To circumvent this, a BASIC program was developed that is based on the multivariate linear model theory. The main program, MULTILC, runs on an IBM PC and generates an equation that describes dose‐time‐response relationships. From this equation, time‐dependent LC50 values and their 95% confidence intervals are calculated. In addition, the subprogram, 3DGRAPH, draws a series of plots on the computer screen, including a three‐dimensional dose‐ti

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070305

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAccumulation of four14C‐labeled polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), 1,2,3,7‐T4CDD, 1,2,3,4,7‐P5CDD, 1,2,3,4,7,8‐H6CDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8‐H7CDD, by juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was studied by feeding the fish treated food for 30 d followed by a 30‐ to 75‐d depuration period. Assimilation efficiencies (based on total14C) of the isomers were low, ranging from 13% for H7CDD to 37% for H6CDD in trout, as compared with 64% for 4,4′‐DDT under the same conditions. Bioaccumulation factors, assimilation efficiencies and elimination rate constants for each PCDD congener were lower in fathead minnows than in rainbow trout. Half‐lives for total14C ranged from 9 to 13 d for T4CDD and P5CDD in trout and minnows, respectively, and from 46 to 112 d for H6CDD and H7CDD in the same fish. Toluene‐extractable radioactivity for T4CDD and P5CDD was less than 30% during the clearance phase, indicating extensive transformation to polar products in both species. A four‐compartment model was used to estimate the accumulation of H6CDD and H7CDD in Great Lakes food chains (from detritus/phytoplankton to lake trout). The model predicted decreasing concentrations of the PCDDs at higher trophic levels, with accumulation primarily from food, assuming freely dissolved water concentrations

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070306

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdult male northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were fed diets containing organo‐phosphorus pesticides, and the birds' discrimination acquisition and reversal performance was evaluated. The birds received the pesticide‐laced diets continually, beginning 2 d before behavioral testing and ending after the birds completed the test series consisting of an acquisition and 10 reversals. Bobwhites fed a diet containing 0.18 ppm monocrotophos made 118% more errors (p± 0.05) than did controls during reversals but not during acquisition. The behavior of bobwhites fed diets containing 0.02 and 0.06 ppm monocrotophos was not different from that of controls. Acquisition performance of bobwhites fed a diet containing 7 ppm fenthion was not different (p>0.05) from that of controls; however, bobwhites fed the fenthion diet made 48% fewer errors (p± 0.05) in the reversals. When retested after 18 (monocrotophos) and 73 (fenthion) d on clean diets, no residual behavioral effects were detected. Brain cholinesterase activity was inhibited in all treatment g

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070307

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTests of the avoidance of brass powder (70% Cu, 30% Zn) contaminated soils by the earthwormLumbricus terrestrisat concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 μg/g were conducted. Avoidance was significant (p<0.001) at brass concentrations as low as 38 μg/g. Avoidance was found to be a more sensitive indicator of the impact of brass powder on the worms than sublethal effects measured by weight los

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070308

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the fall and winter of 1981–82, a study was conducted to evaluate the secondary poisoning hazards associated with a proposed anticoagulant rodenticide, Volid® (10 ppm brodifacoum), when used to control voles (Microtusspp.) in apple orchards. Radio transmitters were attached to 38 eastern screech‐owls (Otus asio), 5 barred owls (Strix varia), 3 red‐tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 2 great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and 2 long‐eared owls (Asio otus), and the birds' movements were monitored before, during, and after rodenticide applications. Screech‐owls selected woods over alternate habitats for day‐roosting; 73% of daytime locations were in woods. At night, screech‐owls generally were located in woods, orchard, and field‐pasture proportional to their availability, while they avoided cropland. The home ranges of 32 screech‐owls tracked posttreatment included brodifacoum‐treated areas; the proportion of home range treated and habitat use varied among individuals. Minimum mortality was 58% among screech‐owls for which more than 20% of home range was treated, as compared with 17% among those for which less than 10% of home range was treated. Secondary brodifacoum poisoning was the most probable cause of death in six screech‐owls. Of five other screech‐owls found dead posttreatment, four had been consumed by predators and one died of unknown causes. Of six radio‐equipped screech‐owls collected one to two months posttreatment, four contained detectable brodifacoum residue. The fate of 14 of the 32 screech‐owls tracked posttreatment was unknown at the conclusion of radiotracking efforts (63 d after treatment began) because radio contact was lost or the transmitter was dropped; one of these owls was encountered alive in May. Four barred owls tracked posttreatment showed strong selection for woodland habitat and used orchards limitedly; none was found dead posttreatment. One long‐eared owl found dead (not radio‐equipped) was probably killed by secondary brodifacoum poisoning. The results indicate a hazard to screech‐owls and a potential risk to other raptors, given this use patte

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620070309

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY