摘要:

AbstractDegradation rates and formation of organolead metabolites of ionic triethyllead (TREL) and diethyllead (DEL) in nonsterile and autoclaved surface and subsurface soil samples of Arredondo fine sand were determined using14C‐labeled chemicals. Both [14C]TREL and [14C]DEL in nonsterile and autoclaved soils initially declined rapidly, and both chemicals initially disappeared more rapidly from the surface samples (0 to 15 cm depth) than from the subsurface samples (30 to 45 cm depth), with the exception of the surface sample treated with [14C]DEL. In this soil, [14C]DEL in the autoclaved sample disappeared more rapidly than that in the nonsterile sample. The [14C]DEL was briefly detected in [14C]TREL‐treated soil samples, and [14C]DEL remained in the autoclaved samples longer than in the nonsterile samples. Both [14C]TREL and [14C]DEL in nonsterile surface and subsurface samples were initially mineralized rapidly, and at the end of 31 and 28 d of incubation, 15 to 16% and 18 to 19% of the applied14C was mineralized, respectively. Mineralization was not observed in autoclaved soil samples. It was concluded that both biological and chemical degradation of TREL and DEL in soil occurred, and chemical degradation was probably the major factor contributing to the disappearance of TREL and DEL in soil. The exact extent of chemical degradation is not known. Chemical and physical properties of soil could be altered significantly by autoclaving, and may account for the increase in chemical degradation ra

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140401

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content of soils from a long‐term agricultural experiment that received 25 separate sewage sludge applications from 1942 to 1961 is presented, along with data from an untreated control plot. Archived plough layer (0 to 23 cm) soil samples were collected, stored, and processed in the same manner between 1942 and 1992 (i.e., before, during, and after sludge amendments) and samples of the applied sludges were available for analysis. Soil Σ PCB concentrations (defined as the sum of the 27 congeners quantified) on the control plot increased between 1942 (63 μg Σ PCB kg−1and 1972 (560 μg Σ PCB kg−1) as a result of atmospheric deposition inputs; they subsequently declined to 13 μg Σ PCB kg−1in 1992. A total of ˜ 1 kg Σ PCBs/hectare was applied in sewage sludges (containing 0.14 to 4.33 mg Σ PCB kg−1) to the sludge‐amended plot. Soil concentrations increased accordingly, to 640 μg Σ PCB kg−1by 1960. However, because of the continued high atmospheric deposition inputs, concentrations on this plot also continued to increase until 1972. By 1992, the sludge‐amended plot contained ca. 5 times the Σ PCB content of the control plot. By 1960, ˜81% of the predicted Σ PCB added in sludge could be accounted for; this had decrease to<50 and 21% by 1984 and 1992, respectively. Marked compound‐specific differences in soil persistence were noted; generally lower chlorinated (3/4‐Cl) congeners became less important contributors to the Σ PCB content of the soils over time, while

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140402

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe degradation of a commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant was examined kinetically in a trickling filter, which allowed simultaneous chemical determinations in the aqueous phase (e.g., DOC) and in the gas phase (CO2). About 60% of the carbon applied as LAS was released as CO2, whereas 15% remained as DOC in the eluate of acclimated trickling filters. The biomass was analysed after the experiment, and it was found to have sorbed about 23 mg LAS/g of dry biomass; this represented about 3% of the LAS applied to the filter. The LAS and the eluates from the trickling filter were further analysed by HPLC and UV and IR spectrometry. The residual carbon from acclimated filters contained no LAS‐like material (HPLC), which was obviously subject to quantitative biotransformation. The residual material comprised>50 polar metabolites, some of whose UV spectra differed from that of LAS, and most or all of which were sulfonated. These nondegraded metabolites included carboxylated dialkyltetralinesulfonates and sulfophenylcarboxylates. These residual materials showed no detectable toxicity to algae or Daphnia, and did not significantly lower the surface tension of wate

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140403

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe standard procedure to examine the biodegradability of a (group of) compound(s) in a trickling filter is a continuous‐flow system. In this test, nondegraded metabolites from a commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant are detected (Kölbener, Baumann, Leisinger, and Cook; accompanying paper). This procedure has now been augmented by two phases in closed cycle to give a test for refractory organic carbon (ROC test). First, the concentration of nondegraded metabolites was increased by readdition of LAS to the solution being cycled through the filter. Second, the concentrated residues were further recycled till the net dissolved organic carbon (DOC) stabilised at a finite value and the net released CO2stabilised at about zero. The organic compounds remaining at this phase of the experiment were considered recalcitrant and could be examined by global (e.g., DOC) and specific (e.g., HPLC) assays. Four different commercial preparations of LAS were examined, as were the (4‐sulfophenyl)undecane homologue (C11‐LAS), the (4‐sulfophenyl)dodecane homologue (C12‐LAS), and some related compounds. The four commercial LAS preparations contained different levels of impurities (2% to about 17%, according to the producers), which were largely dialkyltetralinesulfonates (DATS) and branched‐chain alkylbenzenesulfonates (bABS). The refractory organic carbon (ROC) remaining after biodegradation varied from 3 to 14%. The results were a characteristic of the LAS under study and were independent of the source of the biomass used in the experiment. Residues were examined by HPLC, and 50 to 100 peaks were observed, which were usually characteristic of the LAS studied. No peak has been conclusively identified. We consider the recalcitrants to represent carboxylated DATS and carbo

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140404

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA subpopulation ofFundulus heteroclitusinhabiting the chemically impacted estuary of Newark Bay, New Jersey, was found to be resistant to the toxicity of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) as compared to a chemically non‐impacted subpopulation ofF. heteroclitusin Tuckerton, New Jersey. The Newark/Raritan Bay estuary is a major site of TCDD contamination. The NewarkF. heteroclitusembryos, when exposed to 12 to 100 parts per trillion (pptr) [3H]TCDD/acetone (nominal water concentrations) did not exhibit TCDD‐dependent lesions or death. In contrast, the Tuckerton embryos exhibited both TCDD concentration‐related lesions and death that was associated with the lesions. The Newark embryonic resistance to TCDD toxicity could not be attributed to a lesser absorption of [3H]TCDD as compared to the Tuckerton embryos. The NewarkF. heteroclitusadult fish, when dermally treated with 0.30 to 60 ng/g [3H]TCDD/DMSO, did not exhibit TCDD treatment‐related increases in death, lesions, or liver‐to‐body‐weight ratios, whereas the Tuckerton adult fish did. The Newark fish did exhibit greater parasitic infestations of the liver, greater hepatic neoplasias, and greater liver‐to‐body‐weight ratios, all of which were independent of laboratory TCDD treatment, as compared to the Tuckerton fish. These hepatic effects in the Newark fish may be indicative of the chronic chemical exposure of thisF.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140405

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA previous paper reported resistance to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in a subpopulation ofFundulus heteroclitusinhabiting the chemically impacted estuary of Newark Bay, New Jersey, as compared to a chemically nonimpacted subpopulation ofF. heteroclitusin Tuckerton, New Jersey. This paper reports the results of toxicokinetic and metabolic investigations. The rates of [3H]TCDD elimination following a single dermal treatment of [3H]TCDD were similar between the Newark and TuckertonF. heteroclitussubpopulations, as were the capabilities to metabolize TCDD. The NewarkF. heteroclitussubpopulation consistently exhibited elevated hepatic P4501A catalytic activity (two‐ to fivefold), as measured by ethoxyresorufinO‐deethylase (EROD), compared to the Tuckerton subpopulation. EROD activity in NewarkF. heteroclituscould not be induced by dermally administered [3H]TCDD, ranging from 0.020 to 8.0 ng/g [3H]TCDD. The Tuckerton fish exhibited a linear increase in EROD activity at 96 h following dermal administration of [3H]TCDD, ranging from 0.80 to 8.0 ng/g [3H]TCDD. The maximum mean induction in the Tuckerton fish was 30‐fold greater than the Tuckerton vehicle control mean. These data indicate that the Newark fish were resistant to both the toxicity of TCDD and the ability of TCDD to induce P4501A activity, which may imply an alteration in the Ah receptor complex of NewarkF. h

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140406

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe well‐known binding and metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by cytochrome P4501A1 has led to a proposed metabolic specialization of P4501A1 to endogenous hormones. To assess this hypothesis, the binding affinities of nine steroidal molecules of increasing multiple bond content and the aromatic compound chrysene were tested against a standard ethoxyresorufinO‐deethylation assay. Both the hydrophobicity and the planarity of these molecules correlate to their binding efficiency. However, the product of these two properties shows a much stronger correlation than each separately. By using standard mathematical identities, hydrophobicity and planarity can be related to the enthalpy and entropy of activation, respectively. In this model, the hydrophobicity represents the adhesiveness per unit contact area with the active site, and the planarity the proportion of molecular structures in contact with the site. The net adhesiveness is therefore accidentally largest for the xenobiotic PAH structu

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140407

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUptake, accumulation, and elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed to field‐contaminated Volgermeerpolder soil was studied Earthworms were able to take up chlorobenzenes and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), but body burdens did not exceed concentrations measured in the soil For the chlorobenzenes, steady state concentrations in the worms and biota to‐soil accumulation factor (BSAF) values were much smaller than expected based on earlier experiments, suggesting a decreased bioavailability in the Volgermeerpolder soil Comparison of the PCB accumulation pattern in worms to the pattern in soil showed that biotransformation of the studied PCBs is of minor importance in this species Elimination of all chemicals studied was monophasic, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene, which showed a biphasic elimination The elimination half life for the initial fast phase of this compound is comparable to the elimination measured in previous studies Elimination rate constants decreased with increasing lo

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140408

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLeopard frog (Ranaspp.) tadpoles exposed to esfenvalerate in the laboratory experienced a decrease in activity at concentrations as low as 1.3 μg/L and exhibited a convulsive, twitching response at concentrations of 3.6 μg/L. The 96‐h median lethal concentration was 7.29 μg/L. Temperature influenced amphibian mortality; the mortality concentration‐response slope at 22°C was significantly greater than at 18°C. Tadpoles exposed in a pond showed the same responses (inactivity, convulsive actions, and death) at similar concentrations as laboratory test organisms. Surviving tadpoles from laboratory tests resumed normal behavior 1 week after being placed into clean water, but most of those tadpoles that exhibited convulsive behavior during initial exposure eventually died. Tadpoles surviving pond exposures showed no later mortality, but rather exhibited a negative density‐growth relation. Measured pyrethroid concentrations in ponds and streams adjacent to sprayed fields do not exceed levels associated with convulsive twitching or mortality in larval amphibians; however, they do exceed concentrations associated with inactivity and fish and invertebrate mortality, which may indirectly affect larval

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140409

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEnvironmental toxicity testing and chemical analyses of soil were performed as part of an ecological risk assessment at the Joliet Army Ammunition Plant (JAAP), Johet, Illinois Soils were collected from an area where munitions were loaded, assembled, and packed (area L7, group 1), and from an area where waste explosives were burned on unprotected soil (area L2) Control samples were collected from an adjacent field Soil toxicity was determined using early seedling growth and vigor tests, earthworm survival and growth tests, and Microtox® assays Relative toxicity of soils was determined within each area based on statistical significance (p= 0 05) of plant and earthworm growth and survival, and the effective concentration at which luminescence of the bacteriumPhotobacterium phosphoreumwas reduced by 50% (EC50) in the Microtox assay Samples were designated as having high, moderate, or no significant toxicity Soil that had significant toxicity according to at least one test, and representative samples showing no toxicity, were analyzed for munitions via HPLC Chemical residues found in soils were 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5 trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4 dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT), 2,6 dinitrotoluene, 2 amino‐4,6‐DNT, 4‐ammo‐2,6 DNT, 1,3,5 trinitro 1,3,5 triazine (RDX), and octahydro‐1,3,5,7 tetramtro‐l,3,5,7‐tetrazocme (HMX) All soils with no significant toxicity were void of these chemicals However, some soils void of munitions still showed toxicity that may have been caused by elevated levels of heavy metals Linear regressions of toxicity test results vs chemical concentrations showed that TNT and TNB accounted for most of the soil toxicity Lowest observable‐effect concentrations (LOEC) of TNT were de termined from these data This study presents a simple, relatively inexpensive methodology for assessing toxicity of soils containing TNT, RDX, and other contaminants related to m

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620140410

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY