ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081101

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method is presented for determining trace levels of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) and the TBT manufacturing impurity tetrabutyltin (TTBT) in bivalve mollusc tissue. Butyltin compounds were analyzed in bivalve molluscs collected from selected near‐shore sites of the U.S. east and west coasts. All bivalves from the sites investigated were contaminated with TBT, DBT and, sporadically, MBT. The ratio of TBT/DBT in sentinel organism tissue appears to be a species‐specific equilibrium value, with average values forMytilus edulisof 2.5 andMytilus californianusof 1

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081102

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWater solubilities have been measured for 10 disperse dyes that are mostly of recent vintage. The solubilities and octanol/water partition coefficients are used to predict expected concentration factors for sediment and biota. The results show that these newer disperse dyes are likely to have greater potential toward sediment sorption and bioconcentration than older dyes. The data also confirm a previous conclusion that methods for estimating the octanol/water partition coefficient of these dyes give results that are significantly different from measured values. Possible explanations for the difference are discussed.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081103

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction (QWASI) model, based on the concept of fugacity, is used to develop quantitative descriptions of the fate of chemicals in aquatic environments using LOTUS 1‐2‐3 software on a microcomputer. This software package is shown to provide a powerful, easy to use framework in which to use QWASI to simulate the reported fate of three chemicals: tertiary butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, 3,4‐dichloroaniline and chloroform. For each chemical, the graphics capabilities and interactive features of LOTUS 1‐2‐3 are used to guide the modeler regarding the influence of various processes on the fate of the chemical and determine appropriate variables on which to focus to improve the s

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081104

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe degradation of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) by simulated sunlight (>340 nm) has been investigated in the presence of aqueous suspensions of semiconductor particulates (TiO2, ZnO, CdS, WO3, α‐Fe2O3and TiO2/5 wt.% Pt). Titanium dioxide appears to be the most effective catalyst; the half‐life for the processes is −40 min (at initial DDT concentration 1 mg L−1and 2 g L−1TiO2, photon flux 3 × 10−5einstein/min, over a cell cross‐section of 4 cm2).The near quantitative recovery of chloride ions after long irradiation periods suggests that the end products of the degradative process are CO2and HCl. To the extent that neither DDE (1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene) nor DDD (1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane) were observed by gas chromatographic techniques, the reaction proceeds through hydroxyl radical attack on the aromati

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081105

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the mysid crustaceanHolmesimysis costataas a test organism for routine complex effluent toxicity testing. Three‐day‐old juvenile mysids, hatched in the laboratory from field‐collected gravid females, were used in repetitive 48‐h and 96‐h mortality tests. With zinc sulfate as a reference toxicant, mean 96‐h LC50 and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values forHolmesimysiswere 97 and 56 μg/L, respectively, lower than previously reported values for other crustacea. Different laboratories conducting the 96‐h mortality test withHolmesimysisproduced significantly different results in one trial, but results from different laboratories were not significantly different in the second trial. Coefficients of variation between laboratories for LC50s and NOECs were 24 and 33%, respectively, in the first trial, and 25 and 1%, respectively, in the second trial. Juvenile mysids aged 3, 5, 7 and 9 d old responded similarly to zinc exposure, though control mortality differed among these groups. Gravid female mysids were less sensitive, and 1‐d‐old mysids had high control mortality; neither group was suitable for toxicity testing. The NOEC for zinc effects on growth was 18 μg/L in a 7‐d experiment. LC50 and NOEC values for copper were 27 and<11 μg/L (the lowest concentration tested), respectively. Effluents from four municipal sewage treatment plants (primary through secondary) produced LC50s ranging from 4.5 to 64.0% effluent, and NOECs ranging from 1.0 to 32% effluent, depending on the level

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081106

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFish from each of the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair were analyzed for 10 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 8 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs). PCDFs and PCDDs were identified above detection limits in samples from each lake. Concentrations of PCDFs, principally 2,3,7,8‐TCDF, were highest (102.4 ng/kg) in Lake Michigan lake trout and lowest in late trout from Lake Superior (20.9 ng/kg). Total PCDD concentrations ranged from 7.2 ng/kg in Lake Superior lake trout in 64.5 ng/kg in Lake Ontario lake trout. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8‐TCDD ranged from 1.0 ng/kg in Lake Superior lake trout to 48.9 ng/kg in lake trout from Lake Ontario.While the upper lakes were somewhat similar in the absolute concentration and composition of PCDFs and PCDDs, principle components analysis identified statistically significant inter‐ and in‐tralake differences in the composition of total PCDF and total PCDD. These differences suggest differences in the sources of these compounds to each of the

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081107

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe bioavailability of sediment‐sorbed and soluble fractions of three surfactants were compared in egg hatchability and partial life cycle chronic bioassays with the midgeChironomus riparius.The chemicals tested were linear alkyl (dodecyl) benzene sulfonate (LAS), dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC). Midge eggs exposed to ranges of surfactant concentrations in water were monitored for hatching success and posthatch survival. No significant reductions in egg hatching were observed at the highest concentrations tested: 18.9 mg/L LAS, 21.5 mg/L DSDMAC and 15.4 mg/L TMAC. Newly hatched larvae were more sensitive than eggs; respective 72‐h LC50 concentrations (48‐h for TMAC) were 2.2, 11.3 and 14.6 mg/L. In partial life cycle chronic bioassays in sediment/water test systems, percentages of winged adults emerging after continuous exposure of larvae and pupae to doses of each surfactant were determined. Exposure concentrations in sediment, interstitial water and overlying water were monitored by14C liquid scintillation counting. Lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) of sediment‐spiked surfactants were 319 to 993 μg/g (dry weight) LAS, 876 to 2,708 μg/g DSDMAC and>3,084 μg/g TMAC (highest concentration tested). Corresponding no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) were 319 μg/g LAS, 876 μg/g DSDMAC and 3,084 μg/g TMAC. The NOECs are approximately 100, 1,000 and 10,000 times greater than respective NOECs of the solubilized materials, and exceed levels of these materials measured in the environment. The results indicated that adsorption onto sediment significantly mitigates surfactant bioavailability

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081108

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEstuarine sediments frequently are repositories and sources of anthropogenic contaminants. Toxicity is one method of assessing the environmental quality of sediments, yet because of the extreme range of salinities that characterize estuaries few infaunal organisms have both the physiological tolerance and sensitivity to chemical contaminants to serve in estuarine sediment toxicity tests. We describe research on the estuarine burrowing amphipod,Eohaustorius estuariusBosworth, 1973, whose survival was ≥95% in control sediments across a 2 to 28% salinity range over 10‐d periods.E. estuariusalso was acutely sensitive to low sediment concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, fluoranthene (LC50 ≈︁ 10.6 mg/kg), and its sensitivity to fluoranthene was not affected by salinity.E. estuariuswas almost as sensitive asRhepoxynius abroniusto fluoranthene and to field‐collected sediments from Puget Sound urban and industrial bays.E. estuariuswas also more tolerant of very fine, uncontaminated sediments thanR. abronius.Furthermore,E. estuariuswas more sensitive to sediments spiked with fluoranthene than the freshwater amphipod,Hyalella azteca. E. estuarius, and possibly other estuarine haustoriid species, appears to be an excellent candidate for testing the acute toxicity of estuarine and marine

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081109

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHepatic glutathione (GSH) concentration was significantly higher in rats and mice compared to either fathead minnows or rainbow trout. In rodents, the concentration of GSH approximated theKmof hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), whereas in fish GSH concentration was less than theKmof GPx. The significantly lowerKmfor oxidized glutathione (GSSG) of glutathione reductase compared to theKmfor GSH of the peroxidase is consistent with the large ratio of reduced‐to‐oxidized glutathione in all four species. The concentration of GSH in rodent liver far exceeds theKmfor hepatic glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), which contrasts with that observed for fish. Furthermore, the greater activity of renal gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in rodents compared to fish suggests that, once formed, glutathione conjugates are rapidly hydrolyzed, leading to greater mer‐capturic acid production in rats and mice. Collectively, these data suggest that rodents are quite capable of conducting GSH‐dependent detoxification of prooxidants and electrophiles, whereas in fish GSH‐dependent metabolism appears to be self‐limited by the availability of endogenous GSH. Accordingly, the data suggest that fish may be disproportionately more susceptible than rodents to xenobiotics that are eliminated principally by GSH‐dependent metab

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620081110

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY