摘要:

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine (a) the feasibility of maintaining laboratory cultures of the infaunal phoxocephalid amphipodRhepoxynius abronius(Barnard), (b) the relative sensitivities of cultured versus freshly collected adult animals, (c) the sensitivities of adult versus juvenileR. abroniusto cadmium in sediment and (d) the effect of handling on cultured amphipods.R. abroniusheld in sediment in a flow‒through seawater system for various lengths of time showed high survival, growth and sexual maturation for periods of up to 180 d. Cultured amphipods appeared normal and survived well (93%) under control toxicity test conditions, but were more sensitive to cadmium in sediment (LC50 = 4.4) than were freshly collected amphipods (LC50 = 8.7). Differences in cadmium LC50s between size classes (LC50 = 8.2 for juveniles and 11.5 for adults) were statistically significant, but not substantial. We recommend that large juveniles and adults (3 to 5 mm) be used in sediment toxicity tests because they are available from natural populations throughout the year, and that amphipods be collected within 14 d of use in sediment toxicity tests to minimize the interaction between culture and contaminant stresse

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071201

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeanthes arenaceodentatahas been used frequently in saltwater toxicity tests. A flowing‒water system is described for the laboratory culturing of this polychaete. The system features the shallow, flat trays that are commonly used to culture shellfish. Three diet studies were conducted to determine the best diet to feed laboratory cultures to promote good growth (measured by dry weight) and survival. First, all diets (including commercially prepared diets, yeasts, whole‒grain and grain by‒products, algae, and animal tissue) were evaluated singly in a 28‒d test. Then, selected diets, alone and in combination, were evaluated in two tests (34 and 70 d) that simulated our culture conditions. In the first test, a commercially prepared diet, prawn flakes, produced the best growth; however, worms fed macroalgae had better survival (84% or more versus 60% for those fed prawn flakes). In the last two experiments, a combination of a macroalga and prawn flakes produced the best growth and survival. For example, after 34 d, prawn flakes alone and prawn flakes plus a macroalga produced a similar increase in dry weight of worms (18.8 and 18.7 mg, respectively), but survival was 26% higher with the combinati

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071202

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to evaluate existing techniques for culturing three species of the genusMysidopsisthat are routinely used as toxicity test organisms. A comparison of the life history, ecology and distribution ofM. bahia, M. bigelowiandM. almyrais presented. Culture systems are described, supplemental foods are suggested, and guidelines are given for salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and nitrogen levels that will maintain optimum laboratory culture conditions. Methods are outlined for harvesting juveniles and controlling contaminant organisms, and general feeding procedures are described. Culture management is stressed as the most significant factor in maintaining productive mysid cultures. Specific recommendations are made regarding culture density, harvesting frequency, sex ratio and introduction of feral animals.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071203

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractToxicity testing with unicellular algae requires application of the principles of phycology and microbiology to culturing, handling and exposing the organisms. This brief review describes major aspects of algal toxicity testing, including growth curves, factors that influence population growth in culture (light, temperature, medium composition, pH and salinity), choice of test species, measurement of population density, enumeration of living and dead cells, numerical expression of toxic effects and bioaccumulation.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071204

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ghost shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, is a common estuarine member of the food chain. It is widely used in bioassay testing by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Culture techniques for the ghost shrimp have been established for more than 10 years. The organism, as an adult, is vivacious and will breed readily in captivity. The larvae have a 30‒d life cycle in which they consume a variety of planktonic organisms before assuming the adult form. The ghost shrimp is utilized in testing metallic, organic and petroleum contaminants in the marine and estuarine environments, both in the larval stages (aged 2–4 weeks) and in the adult st

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071205

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMethods to help characterize the toxicity of effluent discharges within the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System have been developed for the marine red algaChampia parvulaand are currently being developed for the brown algaLaminaria saccharina. These methods require maintaining male and female gametophytes in laboratory cultures. Aseptic techniques are recommended even though the cultures are not intended to be axenic; the purpose is to guard against microalgal contamination.C. parvulacan be grown at room temperature, butL. saccharinarequires a controlled temperature chamber (12–15°C). Both species can be cultured successfully in either natural or artificial seawat

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071206

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of xenon arc illumination as a substitute for natural sunlight in the aqueous photolysis test was evaluated by exposing four chemicals to both xenon arc and sun illumination. The chemicals were chosen based on their known photodegradation half‒lives, absorption maxima and ease of analysis. The percentage of chemical remaining at the end of the exposure period and the photodegradation half‒life were compared for each chemical by light source. To compensate for the variability in natural sunlight intensity during an exposure period, data were also compared based on total light exposure, i.e., the intensity of exposure integrated over time. Photolysis of the four chemicals under the xenon arc lamp compared favorably with that under sunlight. Based on the results of this study, xenon arc illumination is equivalent to sunlight for use in determining aqueous photolysis ra

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071207

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe infaunal amphipod,Rhepoxynius abroniusBarnard, was exposed to mixtures of sediment contaminants at concentrations of the individual compounds that produce few or no effects. Combinations of zinc, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor® 1254) and fluoranthene produced joint toxicological actions that could be classified as additive or less than additive. To be more ecologically relevant, sediment quality criteria should be expressed in relation to a model of interactive effects. A relatively small decrease in the total volatile solids content of sediment from 1.72 to 1.30% increased the concentration of contaminants in interstitial water and increased sediment toxicity

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071208

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMussels,Mytilus edulis, were exposed in a daily static renewal protocol to five different [l‒14C]bis(tributyl)tin (TBT) concentrations: 23, 45, 63, 141 or 670 ng L‒1. The time course of accumulation in four tissues (gills, viscera, adductor muscle and mantle) was determined for a period of 2 to 7 weeks. The pattern of uptake was strongly concentration‒dependent. In both 23 and 45 ng L‒1concentrations, an apparent steady state was reached within two weeks. At exposure concentrations of 63 ng L‒1and above, tissue burdens did not reach a steady state within an observation period of six weeks and increased in proportion to exposure concentration. TBT concentrations in tissues were ranked as follows: gills » viscera>adductor muscle ≈ mantle, with gill concentrations consistently dominating those in other tissues throughout exposure. Bioconcentration factors for TBT in mussels were greater (estimated to be in the range of 1,500 to 7,300) than would be predicted from theKowvalue. These studies suggest thatM. eduliswould be a potentially useful sentinel organism for TBT above a threshold concentration in the marine environment. This threshold appears to be near a value that distinguishes areas receiving direct inputs of antifouling paints from those

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071209

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHyalella azteca(Saussure), which are currently used in toxicity tests with freshwater sediments, were tested to determine their suitability for tests with estuarine sediments. Reproduction was good after 24 d at and below 12.5 g/L (ppt) salinity in water only. EC50 values (50% reduction in young) were 10.5 and 10.4 g/L salinity. Survival was good in tests conducted with estuarine sediments collected from a range of freshwater to full seawater sites, using fresh water overlaying the sediments (200 ml sediment, 800 ml water). The results demonstrate thatH. aztecacan be used to test the toxicity of sediments from both freshwater and estuarine sites.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620071210

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY