摘要:

AbstractThe covalent binding of two aromatic amines, 1‐naphthylamine and 4‐methylaniline, to substituted quinones in aqueous solutions has been studied as a model for the covalent binding of amines to humic acids. An inline compound was the only type of product identified for the reactions between 1‐naphthylamine and selected quinones. Reactions of 4‐methylaniline with the same quinones gave a 1,4‐ addition product in addition to the imine compound, although only the imine product was formed when the quinone had bulky substituents at the 2‐ and 6‐ positions. These results provide additional insight into the reactions of aromatic amines with humic

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130401

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe potential environmental impact of wastewater from a chemical‐pharmaceutical plant was evaluated by two different characterization strategies. The aim of the first strategy was to characterize the complex effluent before and after degradation by activated sludge. Chemical analyses (AOX, EOX, DOC, TOC, BOD, CODCr, N‐total, N‐NH4, N‐NO2, N‐NO3, P‐total, and P‐PO4) were performed on the undegraded and the degraded sample. Ecotoxicological tests were performed on the undegraded sample (acute toxicity, Microtox®, inhibition of respiration of activated sludge, inhibition of nitrification of activated sludge) and on the degraded sample (acute toxicity, Microtox). Moreover, the concentration of potentially bioaccu‐mulating substances was determined in the degraded sample. The tests were done according to the STORK Project (characterization of persistent organic compounds in industrial effluents) initiated by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The second characterization strategy was concentrated on single substances in the effluent. The amount of all discharged chemicals was estimated using mass‐balance calculations or by chemical analysis of the water phase. Ecotoxicological data for several of the substances were drawn from the reference literature. For those without any ecotoxicological information, a limited set of tests was performed (Microtox, octanol/water partition coefficient, biodegradation). All substances were classified on the basis of environmental effects using acute toxicity, biodegradation, and bioaccumulation criteria.The two different characterization strategies were useful when predicting environmental effects of wastewater from a chemical‐pharmaceutical plant. From a practical and economical point of view, a stepwise approach including elements from both of the above strategies is recommended. A chemical‐oriented strategy (discharged amount and ecotoxicological data for each compound) may be useful as a primary step for sorting out hazardous water phases from harmless ones. For less defined water phases, an extensive characterization program, including chemical analyses, acute toxicity testing, and ecotoxicological parameters, may give valuable information abo

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130402

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examined sublethal responses of juvenile bluegillsLepomis macrochirusto aqueous cadmium in two 28‐d tests (test I, 0.0‐8.4 μg Cd per liter; test II, 0.0‐32.3 μg Cd per liter) in an intermittent‐flow diluter. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replicates in each of eight treatments (seven Cd exposures and one water control with 25 fish per replicate). Cadmium did not affect the growth of test fish. The mean whole‐body concentrations of Cd in exposed fish were 1.8‐ to 44‐fold those in controls in the two tests. Mean concentrations of hepatic nonthionein cytosolic Cd (not bound by metal‐binding proteins, MBP) in all Cd treatments greatly exceeded those in controls, and mean concentrations of hepatic MBP in all treatments except one (0.8 μg Cd per liter in test I) exceeded those in controls. Nonthionein cytosolic Cd, hepatic MBP, and whole‐body Cd in bluegills were linearly related to exposure concentrations within the range 0 to 20 μg Cd per liter. Much of the total Cd‐binding capacity of hepatic MBP per fish was occupied by Cd after the 28‐d exposures, although additional Cd‐binding capacity remained unoccupied by Cd in fish in all treatments. The mean total Cd‐binding capacity of hepatic MBP per fish, which ranged from 1.7 to 14 nmol Cd in test I and from 0.8 to 24 nmol Cd in test II, increased in a concentration‐response manner at exposure concentrations below 13 μg/L. Nonthionein cytosolic Cd was the most sensitive indicator of Cd exposure, based o

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130403

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was undertaken to (a) determine wastewater treatment effectiveness using two freshwater organisms (b) compare acute toxicity results from the two species exposed to the wastewaters, and (c) link acute and potential develop mental toxicity of wastewaters in one organism The acute toxicities of several pretreatment and post treatment industrial waste water samples were evaluated with adultHydra attenuata(92 or 96 h exposure) and fathead minnows (96 h exposure) The acute LC50s agreed closely when results inHydra attenuatawere compared with those from fathead minnow tests Acute LC50s ranged from 3 to>100% of sample with hydra, and from 1 0 to>100% of sample with fathead minnows The results provided strong evidence of treatment effectiveness because toxicity decreased with progressive stages of treatment Previously the Hydra Developmental Toxicity Assay (Hydra Assay) was used as a prescreen mainly for in vitro assessment of developmental toxicity with pure compounds and to prioritize toxicants according to selective toxicity to the developing embryo (A/D ratio) Recently we modified the assay for testing natural waters and wastewaters, hence, some of the wastewater samples also were tested for their developmental toxicity In this case, the relative selective toxicity (A/D ratio) of these wastewater samples ranged from 0 7 to 2 1, indicating that no sample was uniquely toxic to the developing embryo, although acute toxicity was manifested Over all, our results indicate the Hydra Assay functions appropriately in assessments of acute and developmental toxicity of industrial wastewaters and may be a simple and useful tool in a battery of tests for broader scale detection of environmental hazards

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130404

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOver the last 10 years a great deal of research effort has concentrated on determining the effects of contaminated sediments on aquatic organisms. For marine systems, this effort has emphasized acute sediment toxicity tests using amphipods, although a variety of other end points and species have been used. Another candidate species for marine, solid‐phase, sublethal sediment toxicity testing is the bivalveMulinia lateralis. Useful attributes of this euryhaline bivalve include a wide geographic distribution (along the North American Atlantic coast from Prince Edward Island to the Gulf of Mexico), easy lab culture, and amenability to toxicity testing applications (end points are mortality and growth [milligrams per organism dry weight]). Detailed in this paper are organism selection and culture, establishment of statistical design, and an estimate of organism mortality and sublethal response variability. Results ofMulinia lateralistoxicity tests with 65 contaminated sediments from eight sites are reported, as well as results of comparative toxicity tests using two amphipod species,Ampelisca abditaandEohaustorius estu‐arius.Analysis of statistical power indicates treatment weight and survival responses that are 25% different from the site control responses can be detected with a probability of 95%. Results of comparative toxicity tests illustrate that although Mulinia lateralis and amphipod acute end points are relatively similar in sensitivity, utilization of theMulinia lateralissublethal growth end point greatly increases test sensitivity. This paper describes a new marine sediment toxicity test that complements the existing suite of marine sediment toxicity assessment techniq

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130405

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we examine lead levels in the feathers of adult common terns(Sterna hirundo)from 1978 to 1992, compare them to values for other species breeding in the same or nearby colonies from one year (1989), and contrast these levels with those associated with sublethal behavioral and physiological effects in the lab. Lead levels in feathers of common tern decreased significantly from 1978 through 1985, were stable until 1988, and then increased through 1992. The mean levels of lead in feathers of roseate tern(Sterna dougallii), herring gull(Larus argentatus), and black skimmer(Rynchops niger)were slightly higher than those for common terns in 1989. Levels in feathers of some individuals of all species in the wild were within the range associated with behavioral impairment and growth retardation in the lab.

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130406

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA unicellular green alga,Chlorella pyrenoidosa, was exposed to inorganic Al under controlled experimental conditions to determine whether the biological response elicited by the dissolved metal could be predicted from the free‐metal ion concentration, [Al3+]. The experimental approach involved concurrent measurement of both Al speciation and Al bioavailability (bioaccumulation/growth inhibition) in buffered synthetic solutions of defined composition. The bioassay exposure media, containing neither phosphate nor trace metals, covered the pH range 4.3 to 6. For systems at a given pH, containing only inorganic monomeric Al, aluminum bioavailability varies predictably as a function of the free Al3+concentration. However, the effect of Al3+on algal growth is highly pH dependent; [Al3+] needed to inhibit growth by 30% (EC30) increases markedly from 3 μg L−1(0.1 μM) to 50 μg L−1(1.8 μM) as the pH is decreased from 6 to 5. This decreased toxicity of Al at low pH is partly explained by an effective competition between the H+ion and Al3+for binding sites at the algal surface; the effects of acidification at the biological surface are much more important than are its effects on Al speciation in solution. For systems containing both monomeric and polynuclear Al (the AlO4Al12(OH) 7+24polycation), polymeric aluminum also contributes to alumin

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130407

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFollowing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's specifications for pesticide registration tests, 12 experimental ponds were constructed. Colonization and succession of the pond phytoplankton communities were investigated during the first year after filling. Taxon richness and densities and biomass as chlorophyll‐a were measured. In addition, water‐quality data were collected and analyzed. The dominant taxonomic groups were the Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae (with Desmidiaceae dominating),Dinobryon(in the Chrysophyceae), Dinophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae. Similar successional patterns in all 12 ponds occurred; however, the community structure between ponds was not similar at any time. Although the ponds had statistically similar environmental characteristics, they varied in their community structure, indicating that after one year they were not mature enough for use as replicate test systems. The heterogeneity of the pond phytoplankton communities indicates that meso‐cosms need to be managed to produce replicate experimental

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130408

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLysozyme activity in earthworm(Lumbricus terrestris)coelomic fluid and coelomocytes appears sufficiently sensitive for use as a nonmammalian biomarker to detect toxic effects of sublethal body burdens of Cu2+(28.5 ± 2.67 and 73.1 ± 5.68 μg/g dry mass). Lysozyme, a phylogenetically conserved enzyme, is capable of bactericidal activity via action on peptido‐glycan of gram‐positive bacterial cell walls and functions as a component of an organism's innate antimicrobial defense mechanism. Coelomic fluid and coelomocyte lysozyme activities, which exhibited temperature‐response patterns similar to those of human saliva, plasma, serum and leukocyte extracts, were sensitive to Cu2+exposure. Lysozyme activity of coelomic fluid and coelomocyte extracts from earthworms exposed for 5 d to CuSO4, using filter paper contact exposure, decreased with increasing sublethal Cu2+concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 μg/cm2. Compared to controls, coelomic fluid lysozyme activity was suppressed significantly at both exposure concentrations, whereas coelomocyte extract lysozyme activity was suppressed significantly at the 0.1‐μg/cm2exposure concentration. Low inherent natural variability and sensitivity to sublethal Cu2+body burdens indicate that lysozyme activity has potential as a biomarker for assaying immunotoxici

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130409

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe toxicokinetic interactions between the ergosterol‐biosynthesis‐inhibiting (EBI) fungicides prochloraz, propicon‐azole, and penconazole and the organophosphorus (OP) insecticides dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon have been studied in the hybrid red‐legged partridge. The inhibition of serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity provided a useful biochemical indicator of the generation of the toxic oxon metabolites of these OP insecticides. Birds pretreated with 180 mg/kg prochloraz tended to show a greater inhibition of serum BuChE activity at 1, 4, and 24 h following oral exposure to either of the OPs dimethoate (3 mg/kg) or chlorpyrifos (9 mg/kg) compared to birds pretreated with corn oil. Prochloraz‐pretreated birds also showed a tendency toward an increased inhibition at 24 h following dosing with the OP diazinon (4.3 mg/kg) compared to corn oil controls. In the case of dimethoate, the inhibition of serum BuChE activity was significantly greater in treated birds than controls at 24 h. Birds pretreated with the EBI fungicide propiconazole (200 mg/kg) showed a similar inhibition of serum BuChE activity to those pretreated with corn oil following administration of 167 mg/kg malathion. Pretreatment with the EBI fungicide penconazole (200 mg/kg) produced significantly greater depression of serum BuChE activity at 1, 4, and 24 h after dosing with malathion, when compared to corn oil controls. The tendency toward increased inhibition of serum BuChE activity by each of the OPs in prochloraz‐pretreated birds was attributed to an increased activation of the compound to its active oxon form as a consequence of induction of microsomal monooxygenases by

ISSN:0730-7268    

DOI:10.1002/etc.5620130410

出版商:Wiley Periodicals, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY