摘要:

SummaryCan we find some common principle in the three comparisons? Lacking adequate time for a thorough exploration, let me suggest thatrepresentationis that common principle. I suggested (section 4) that judgment selection of spatial versus temporal extensions distinguish “longitudinal” local studies from “cross‐section” population sampling.We had noted (section 3) that censuses are taken for detailed representation of the spatial dimension but they depend on judgmental selection of the temporal. Survey sampling lacks spatial detail but is spatially representative with randomization, and it can be made timely. Periodic samples can be designed that are representative of temporal extension. Furthermore, spatial and temporal detail can be obtained either through estimation or through cumulated samples [Purcell and Kish 1979, 1980; Kish 1979b, 1981, 1986 6.6]. Registers and administrative records can have good spatial and temporal representation, but representation may be lacking in population content, and surely in representation of variables.Representation of variables and of the relations between variables and over the population are the issues in conflict between surveys, experiments, and observations. This is a deep subject, and too deep to be explored again, as it was in section 2.A final point about limits for randomization to achieve representation through sampling: randomization for selecting samples of variables is beyond me generally, because I cannot conceive of frames for defined populations of variables. Yet we can find attempts at randomized selection of variables: in the selection of items for the consumer price index, also of items for tests of IQ or of achievements. Generally I believe that randomization is the way to achieve representation without complete coverage, and that it can be applied and practised in many d

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn regression models having symmetric errors, exact distribution‐free inference about individual parameters may be carried out by grouping observations, eliminating unwanted parameters within groups, and applying distribution free techniques for the symmetric location parameter problem. Models whose errors have identical but not symmetric distributions may obtain symmetry by taking differences between pairs of observations. Both grouping and differencing involve potential efficiency loss. The choice of an optimal scheme to minimize efficiency loss is expressible as a multi–assignment type of problem, whose solutions, exact and approximate, are discus

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis paper suggests unbiased estimators (UE's) for the size, mean and total of a domain, with specific features, in a given finite population on the basis of simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) continued till a preassigned number of domain members is observed.

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this paper, we investigate the effects of correlation among observations on the accuracy of approximating the distribution of sample mean by its asymptotic distribution. The accuracy is investigated by the Berry‐Esseen bound (BEB), which gives an upper bound on the error of approximation of the distribution function of the sample mean from its asymptotic distribution for independent observations. For a given sample size (n0) the BEB is obtained when the observations are independent. Let this be BEB. We then find the sample size (n*) required to have BEB below BEB0, when the observations are dependent. Comparison of n*with n0reveals the effects of correlation among observations on the accuracy of the asymptotic distribution as an approximation. It is shown that the effects of correlation among observations are not appreciable if the correlation is moderate to small but it can be severe for extreme correlation

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe linear structural model provides one way of modelling a linear relationship between two random variables. It is well known that problems of unidentifiability arise for unreplicated observations and normal error structure. As in all data sets, outliers can arise and methods are needed for detecting and testing them. An outlier‐generating model of mean–slippage type can be used to characterise four different forms of outlier manifestation. It is interesting to find that the unidentifiability problem provides no obstacle for detecting or testing the outliers for three of the four forms. Detection principles, and specific discordancy tests, are derived and illustrated by application to some data on physical measurements of Pacific sq

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this paper, we propose a graphical representation of data and a test statistic based on it for testing the goodness of fit of a completely specified null distribution. The graph is constructed as a linked line chart given by vectors which reflect the pattern of order statistics. The test statistic is defined as an area defined by our chart and its asymptotic distribution is derived under the null hypothesis. Computer simulations performed to study the power properties of our chart indicate that the test is powerful for scale alternatives. Furthermore, it is shown that our test is closely related to the Watson test.

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFisher's A statistic, often called the adjusted R2statistic, is shown to be a close approximation to the maximum likelihood estimate of the multiple correlation coefficient, p2, based on the marginal distribution of R2. Expansions for the estimate are obtained. The same methods lead to maximum marginal likelihood estimators for the noncentrality parameters for noncentral X2andF.

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe techniques for recursive estimation of the general linear model with dependent errors and known second order properties, is generalised to allow for simultaneous addition of an arbitrary number of additional observations. Computational formulae for recursive updating of parameter estimates are derived, together with a sequence of univariate recursive residuals for testing the constancy of the regression relation over time.

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this paper we assume that in a random sample of sizendrawn from a population having the pdff(x; θ)the smallestr1observations and the largestr2observations are censored (r10,r20). We consider the problem of estimating θ on the basis of the middlen‐r1‐r2observations when either f(x;θ)=θ‐1f(x/θ) orf(x;θ) = (aθ)1f(x‐θ)/aθ)where f(·) is a known pdf,a(0) is unknown. The minimum mean square error (MSE) linear estimator of θ proposed in this paper is a “shrinkage” of the minimum variance linear unbiased estimator of θ. We obtain explicit expressions of these estimators and their mean square errors when (i) f(·) is the uniform pdf defined on an interval of length one and (ii) f(·) is the standard exponential pdf, i.e., f(x) = exp(–x), x0. Various special cases of censoring from the left (right) and

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe purpose of this article is to propose a model‐based estimator of the variance of the Horvitz‐Thompson estimator. Empirical investigations reveal that the estimator is seldom greatly biased and is quite satisfactory from the stability point of v

ISSN:0004-9581    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1985.tb00562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY