摘要:

AbstractBehavior during competition for water was observed in 2 social groups of young rhesus monkeys (3 females, 3 males in each). Monkeys in one group were socially deprived and those in the other were socially experienced (raised with mother and agemates). Social status, based on dyadic recording of displacements at the water bottle, was predictive of a number of measures related to water consumption and social orientation in both groups, but this measure was less reliable and predictive for the experienced group than for the deprived group. A major reason for the comparatively low predictive value and reliability of status among experienced monkeys was their ability to influence the behavior of higher status members through responses directed to a 3rd party and other elaborate social strategies, many of which depended on responding to status relations between 2nd and 3rd parties. The fact that such strategies were only observed in the experienced group is a clear indication that the development of higher orders of social cognition is dependent on early social experience.

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe S‐100 protein was measured in 7 discrete brain areas from rats raised in an enriched, social, or isolated environment for 21, 42, or 84 days after weaning. S‐100 was measured at significantly higher concentrations under enriched than under social environmental conditions in cerebellum and brainstem at 21 days but not thereafter. The protein in corresponding areas of brain in isolates was significantly less concentrated than in social controls. The results suggest changes, in turnover of the protein as a result of stimulation and activation of functionally specific brain regions, of the animals' responses to and interaction with environmental stimuli and adaptation to those stim

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe differentiation of lateral preference in hand, eye, ear, and foot was measured in 110 normal Grade 1 children and reading achievement was tested 3 and 5 years later. No support was found for the widely held belief that delays in early lateralization underlie subsequent reading impairment. Paradoxically, boys with serious reading disability showed a strong degree of early lateral concordance. Male, impaired readers displayed a tendency when they were in Grade 1 to be either uniformly right‐ or left‐preferring across all 4 sensory‐motor modalities. The results contradict the popular notion that lateral usage emerges from an undifferentiated state in the direction of greater degrees of specialization. Lateralization may be an expression of reflex constraints bound initially to the infant's tonic‐neck posture, with later development less reflex‐patterned during the acquisition of more sophisticated information‐processing strategies. Such an interpretation implies a progressive discontinuity between lateral usage and neuro‐maturational processes. Alternatively, the results can be accounted for by (1) a new maturational delay model in which maturation‐dependent lateralization proceeds in graduated stages from a highly specialized beginning toward greater levels of neuromotor integration; or (2) a model that maintains the notion of emergent lateralization but in which delays in the lateralization process are actually beneficial to la

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExploration, measured by head‐dipping in a holeboard, was tested in male rats at 16, 21, 28, 56, and 84 days of age. Headdipping increased with increasing age from Day 16 to Day 84, and so did the number of rears made. At all ages handled rats showed more head‐dipping and made more rears than did their unhandled litter‐mates. The age differences in exploration cannot be explained by different patterns of habituation: rats showed significant within‐session habituation of head‐dipping at all ages tested (Days 16, 21, and 28). Day 16 rats also showed significant between‐session

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractContinuous measurements of maternal behavior–the amount of time the mother was in contact with the litter and quality of nest–indicated no differences between these 2 stocks of rats. A decrease in both measures was found for both stocks over the 22 days of postnatal observation. The data indicated that the mother was with the litter more during the light portion of the 24‐hr light‐dark cycle and that wild rat mothers were in contact with their litters more than domestic mothers in the period around light

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe preweaning development of the pituitary‐adrenal system was investigated in perinatally malnourished rodents. Malnourished pups that were routinely handled displayed an earlier plasma corticosterone stress response to electric shock and an accelerated development of feedback inhibition of the stress response by exogenously elevated steroid levels. Although malnourished pups displayed elevated basal corticosterone levels compared to well‐fed controls, the post‐stress levels were also higher in these malnourished young. Thus, the corticosterone response to stress was not impaired in malnourished pups.The influence of the early handling of malnourished young on pituitary‐adrenal activity was also studied. Whereas the accelerated development of the stress response and the elevated post‐shock levels were not the result of early handling, the elevated basal corticosterone levels displayed by handled malnourished pups were not present in nonhandled malnourished pups. Thus, the early non‐nutritional environment interacts with malnutrition to alter the development of the pituitary‐a

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysiological and behavioral development of rats was affected by prenatal nutrition and postnatal litter size. Prenatal nutrition was manipulated by combining differences in maternal nutrition with variation of prenatal litter size produced by pre‐mating isolation of 1 uterine horn. The pups were reared in postnatal litters of either 4 or 12. During the 1st postnatal week, development and free behavior were affected only by the prenatal treatments. During the 2nd postnatal week, both prenatal and postnatal effects were observed. Development and behavior during the 3rd postnatal week reflected only postnatal litter size. Brain weight at weaning was influenced by both the prenatal and postnatal treatment

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFour experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of developmental protein deprivation on the behavioral response of adult rats to treatments known to affect central nervous system catecholamine systems. Results showed no group differences between protein malnourished and control animals in locomotor responsiveness to d‐ or l‐amphetamine, recovery from behavioral asymmetry produced by a unilateral lesion of thesubstantia nigra, or in the development of response patterns indicative of denervation supersensitivity. However, a dose‐dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition proc

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale and female rats (T rats) given an injection of 75 μg tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and 25 μg thyroxine (T4) on Day 3 after birth were raised under enriched (E) and impoverished (I) postweaning conditions. Observations of their open‐field behavior on Days 63 and 112 revealed a higher rate of activity in T groups as compared to controls (C) as well as faster running times and more entries/min in Hebb‐Williams maze testing on Days 74–86, indicating behavioral hyperactivity in T rats. Active‐avoidance testing at age 91 days revealed a higher number of intertrial crossings and significantly faster unconditioned response and conditioned response latencies in T as compared to C groups. Enriched postweaning rearing altered the behavioral effects in T rats comparatively little, least in the open‐field and more so for escape‐ and avoidance‐latencies and for the number of errors in the H

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420110401

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY