摘要:

AbstractThe effects of separating 4‐week‐old twin marmosets for 8 days from their families are compared with the effects of leaving 4‐week‐old infants with their families, but reducing the responsiveness of their caregivers for 8 days by administration of the tranquilizer fluphenazine decanoate. Both treatments reduce infant mobility, abolish play, and increase the time that infants spend with each other. During the period after the termination of the treatment, both treatment groups continue to play and move less than controls, and try to climb onto the mothers more frequently. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the principal factor precipitating disturbed behaviors in infant monkeys subjected to long‐term separation is disruption of the infant‐caregiver relationship rather than the separation itself. Some post‐treatment differences occur between separated and tranquilized groups. Notably, reunion after separation appears to involve a marked readjustment of the behavior of all family members to the return of the infants, whereas withdrawal of the tranquil

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190502

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190503

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBehavioral interactions of Norway rat pups and their dams during maternal anogenital licking (AGL) were observed. Regulatities in posture and orientation that may facilitate AGL were noted, and age‐related changes in the pup's postural adjustments that may contribute to the decline of AGL in the 3rd postpartum week were described. It was found that cutaneous stimulation of the perineum, such as that provided by AGL, stimulates a characteristic leg extension response from pups. It was concluded that this response, which includes immobility and extenstion of all limbs, may permit maternal licking to continue long enough to stimulate the pup to eliminate and to allow the dam to ingest the urine. Males and females were found to exhibit similar responses and similar age‐related changes. However, the latency from onset of AGL to performance of the leg extension response was shorter in ma

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190504

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to explore whether or not adult motivation influences transfer of food to infants in cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus), 2 experiments were carried out with 3 large captive family groups. Examination of (a) natural changes in food motivation during feeding, and (b) elevated motivation toward food by giving highly preferred items, showed that the adult monkeys shared food more when their own level of motivation was high. This suggests that food‐transfer is not merely a consequence of adult satiation, but that matching sharing with high adult motivation is a mechanism which ensures that infants receive ample food, the best items, and also rare items of high qual

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190505

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA previous study [Richardson, R., Riccio, D. C., and Jonke, T. (1983). Alleviation of infantile amenesia in rats by means of a pharmacological contextual state.Devel. Psychobiol., 16: 511–518] found that ontogenetic forgetting (“infantile amnesia”) in rats was attenuated by a “contextual matching” manipulation: Subjects trained in a distinct pharmacological state and tested in that state retained learned fear better than saline controls. To determine whether improved retention could be obtained with salient but nonpharmacological contexts, two experiments were conducted employing fear conditioning in preweanling rats. In Experiment 1, an internal context (illness induced by lithium chloride) present at training and testing reduced infantile forgetting. In experiment 2, matching an exteroceptive context (home nest shavings) at training and testing was also found to be sufficient to alleviate infantile amnesia. In both experiments, retention was not improved in controls exposed to the context at training only or testing only, indicating that the contextual effect is not on acquisition or retrieval processes per se. These findings provide indirect support for views that emphasize the role of contextual cues in retrieval (Spear, 1978). In addition, they indicate that contextual matching is not limited to a state dependent drug, but may include a wide range of “distincti

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190506

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhysical and behavioral sequelae of low birthweight (LBW) were investigated in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus). When raised by their biological mother, pups whose Day‐2 weights were 1 SD or more below the population mean remained smaller through the first 30 days postpartum than pups born within normal (N) weight ranges. LBW pups fostered onto mothers who gave birth to N pups gained weight more rapidly than LBW pups remaining with their own mother. Similarly, N Pups fostered onto mothers of LBW pups displayed reduced weight gain relative to N siblings raised by their biological mother. It appears that rate of weight gain is influenced by an interaction between birthweight and maternal rearing environment. LBW pups also were less responsive than N pups to maternal chemical cues, indicating that low birthweight is correlated with deficits in adaptive behavio

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190507

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMaturational changes in visceral nociception were measured in developing or adult rats challenged with hypertonic saline or acetylcholine. Chemically induced abdominal constrictions were absent in rats younger than 7 days of age, regardless of the dose of hypertonic saline or acetylcholine used. Age‐related increases in the percent of animals responding, the number of abdominal constrictions emitted per responder, and total response duration occurred in animals 10‐20 days of age, until adult‐like patterns of responding were attained at the time of weaning. Additional changes in the percent animals responding, as well as in the frequency and total duration of abdominal constriction responses, were also seen in postweanling, but not in preweanling, animals. Five‐day‐old animals did emit audible vocalizations to the intraperitoneal insertion of a hypodermic needle, however, at a time when these animals failed to show observable responses to the noxious visceral stimuli. Hence, mechanisms mediating pain associated with intraperitoneal needle insertion may be functional during the first postnatal week, at a time when mechanisms mediating visceral pain appear to be immature. These differences may be caused by the differential maturation of sensory, neural, or motoric mechanisms important for hypodermic needle insertion versus visceral no

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190508

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190509

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420190501

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY