摘要:

AbstractWe describe the first brain event‐related potential (ERP) study of cognitive processes in the chimpanzee. In an extension of our studies on the ontogeny of vocal perception, ERP measures were obtained during the presentation of simple nonsignal stimuli as well as conspecific and human vocalizations. We initially confirmed findings from humans and monkeys of the appearance of a longlatency positivity in the ERP waveform to a rare stimulus in an oddball paradigm. This ERP component is reminiscent of the P3a reported in humans under similar (passive) experimental conditions. We further demonstrated that both conspecific and human vocal stimuli having affective significance also enhanced late positive components of the ERP. These late positive components displayed a predominant fronto–central distribution, with a maxima at Cz. Additionally, responses to adaptively significant vocal stimuli showed a right hemisphere laterality, whereas no significant laterality was observed with the rare stimulus in the oddball paradigm. Results document the feasibility of ERP measures in chimpanzees and their potential utility in the study of the ontogeny and phylogeny of vocal perception. © 1993 John Wiley&Sons,

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420260602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the temporal morphology and rhythmic structure underlying the repeated bursts of expiratory sounds in a sustained bout of crying of twenty‐three 1‐month‐old infants. Durations of expiratory sounds and bursts were determined from a 90‐s bout of naturally occurring cries recorded in the home before feeding. Results indicated wide individual differences in temporal morphologybetweeninfants andwithininfant cry sounds. Binary spectrum analysis of the presence of expiratory sounds in the cry sound detected rhythms in temporal organization at a wide range of dominant frequencies. Spectral complexity (higher numbers of peaks in the power spectrum) was related to a longer time since infants were last fed and shorter expiratory sounds. Results emphasize the importance of viewing cries of young infants as dynamic signals. An ontogenetic history of the rhythms of infant cry sounds may contribute to understanding organismic and environmental experiences which contribute to development. © 1993 John Wiley&S

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420260603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of a single injection of a dopamine D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, at doses of 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg on three different kinds of immobility behavior were tested in rats of 10, 15, 20, and 30 days of age. Each animal was tested for the dorsal immobility response (DIR), vertical cling catalepsy, and bar catalepsy. A different pattern of results was found for each of the three immobility behaviors. SCH 23390 significantly increased the DIR at each age except 15 days; there was a progressive increase in effect from 10 to 20 to 30 days of age. At the lowest dose, drug‐induced bar catalepsy peaked at 15 days of age and declined at 20 and 30 days of age. The effect of SCH 23390 on vertical cling catalepsy increased with age, plateauing at 20 days. Thus, the developmental pattern of immobility responses to this dopamine D1 antagonist differs with each behavior measured. © 1993 John Wiley&Sons, I

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420260604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough 4‐ to 6‐month‐old children have a significant tendency to look at new stimuli in a visual paired‐comparison task (VPC), they have difficulty in consistently choosing novel objects in a delayed nonmatch‐to‐sample task (DNMS). To evaluate which factors could account for this difficulty, we tested human infants (10–107 months) and adults (17–25 years) in a DNMS task while monitoring eye fixations. The results indicated that children at all ages reliably looked at (VPC scores) or chose (DNMS scores) the new stimuli about 60% of the time, indicating that both tasks measure visual recognition memory. A videotape analysis of visual attention revealed that children younger than 22 months, but not older children, spent significanlty more time visually exploring the objects rather than looking at the food reward under it. Although this visual attraction to objects in children younger than 22 months of age may have impaired the formation of stimulus‐reinforcer association needed to solve the DNMS task, this was not the case for older children, since beyond 22 months of age children consistently looked at the reward while displacing the objects. These results suggest that other cognitive abilities required by the DNMS task may not be fully functional even in children 22 months and older. © 1993 Jo

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420260605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStimuli normally encountered during suckling after birth—the nipple and milk—elicit behavioral responses from fat fetuses on E20. A series of experiments demonstrated that milk, unlike other chemosensory stimuli, consistently evoked mouthing activity during the 15 s after presentation. Unlike other perioral tactile stimuli, an artificial nipple evoked mouthing activity and an active oral grasping response during presentation. Prior exposure to milk altered fetal responsiveness to some forms of perioral tactile stimulation, but did not affect grasping of the nipple. In contrast, prior exposure to an artificial nipple increased mouthing activity in response to milk. The nipple and milk exhibit a temporally asymmetric relationship in fetal rats, which lack experience with suckling stimuli. These findings suggest that responsiveness to ecologically relevant stimuli and their temporal presentation develops before birth, and may facilitate functional behavioral responses of the newborn during the first suckling episode. © 1993 John Wiley&Sons,

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420260606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-1630    

DOI:10.1002/dev.420260601

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY