摘要:

Three specimens of pycnogonid, from northeast Atlantic deep water samples taken off the Porcupine Bank and west of the Flannan Isles, are recorded to complete the analysis of material currently held at Glasgow Museum and Art Gallery, Scotland. One of the specimens is the second recorded individual ofPallenopsis mollissima, and allows the completion of the description of this rare species since the terminal leg segments are present. Dimensions of the chelae indicate close affinity between this species andP.paramollis, and the possibility of synonymy is discussed.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01177.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Muscular‐hydrostats, muscular organs which lack typical systems of skeletal support, include the tongues of mammals and lizards, the arms and tentacles of cephalopod molluscs and the trunks of elephants. In this paper the means by which such organs produce elongation, shortening, bending and torsion are discussed. The most important biomechanical feature of muscular‐hydrostats is that their volume is constant, so that any decrease in one dimension will cause a compensatory increase in at least one other dimension. Elongation of a muscular‐hydrostat is produced by contraction of transverse, circular or radial muscles which decrease the cross‐section. Shortening is produced by contraction of longitudinal muscles. The relation between length and width of a constant volume structure allows amplification of muscle force or displacement in muscular‐hydrostats and other hydrostatic systems. Bending requires simultaneous contraction of longitudinal and antagonistic circular, transverse or radial muscles. In bending, one muscle mass acts as an effector of movement while the alternate muscle mass provides support for that movement. Torsion is produced by contraction of muscles which wrap the muscular‐hydrostat in a heli

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01178.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The genusParapsylla(Homoptera: Psylloidea) is redescribed and placed in the Diaphorininae of the Family Aphalaridae. Its relationships within this subfamily are discussed. The genusAgmapsyllasyn. nov.is placed into the synonymy ofParapsylla, andPennavenasyn. nov.andEudiaphorinasyn. nov.are placed into the synonymy ofDiaphorina.The eight known species ofParapsyllaare distributed in southern Africa and upland areas of East Africa. Host plant relationships are not clearly established but the genus appears to be associated with species ofMaytenus(Celastraceae),Olinia(Oliniaceae) and possiblyOlea(Oleaceae) andSyzygium(Myrtaceae).Parapsylla relictasyn. nov,andA. aureussyn. nov.are placed into the synonymy ofArytaina capensis. Parapsylla capensiscomb. nov.is transferred fromArytaina, Parapsylla valenscomb. nov.is transferred fromDiaphorina, and the following new species are described:P. angolensissp. nov.,P. eafrasp. nov.,P. huilasp. nov.,P. marginipennissp. nov.,P. rufasp. nov.andP. theronisp. nov.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01179.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The cerianthid anemoneArachnanthus sarsiCarlgren, 1912 is redescribed from newly collected specimens from Western Scotland. Carlgren's type specimen was damaged and lacked the upper part of the body and tentacles, so this is the first description of a complete specimen. The anemones were observed alive andin situby SCUBA diving, allowing a description of live coloration, habitat and feeding behaviour. The relationship ofA. sarsito the MediterraneanA. oligopodusand the CaribbeanA. nocturnusis briefly discussed. The possiblity thatA. sarsiis the adult form of the better known larval cerianthidArachnactis albidaM. Sars 1846 is considered and the changes in nomenclature which would result if this synonymy could be proven are noted.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01180.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Megachiroptera, with a single family, 43 genera and 174 species, are confined to the Old World tropics and subtropics where they are exclusively phytophagous, feeding upon floral resources (largely nectar and pollen but also petals and bracts), fruit, leaves and water. A literature survey revealed information on the food sources for only 21 genera of bats, these feeding upon 75 genera of flowers, 145 genera of fruit and 10 genera of leaves in a total of 34 orders, 66 families and 198 genera. The bats are likely to pollinate flowers of at least 31 genera and presumably may disperse the seeds of the majority of fruits consumed. Despite our ignorance about the relationship between Megachiroptera and plants, it appears that most bats are catholic in their choice of food, and most plants are visited by a diversity of bats.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nymphs ofHyalymenus, unlike adults, have a highly differentiated ant‐like morphology. BothH. tarsatusandH. limbativentrisfeed mainly on reproductive parts of composites and solanaceous plants, respectively. Mimetic nymphs were observed on plants, together with ants, both day and night; adultHyalymenus, however, are predominantly nocturnal. Ant‐resemblance in nymphs is achieved by several structural adaptations which, when coupled with the mimic's zig‐zag locomotion and constantly agitated antennae, produces a striking visual deception. Experiments in captivity showed that mimetic nymphs, but not adultHyalymenus, are somewhat protected against attacks from the praying mantidOxyopsis mediafound on their host plant. Colour and size changes through different nymphal instars ofHyalymenusallow the immature bugs to resemble, during their development, differently sized and coloured ant models. Similar‐looking ant species seem to act as Mullerian mimics toward insectivorous vertebrates and invertebrates that avoid ants. It is suggested that nymphs ofHyalymenusgain Batesian protection by resembling available ant models of different Mullerian complexes. Density‐dependent selection is thought to be responsible for the observed differences in mimetic morph proportions between populations of mimics, as well as for the mimetic strategy itself employed by nymphs ofH

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY