摘要:

Linnaeus described 166 nominal species of Noctuoidea, of which 144 (86.7%) are currently used as valid names, 18 are synonyms, one is a homonym and three taxa remain unknown. Seven taxa were described solely from illustrations in contemporary literature. Lectotypes are designated for 139 (87.4%) of the 159 remaining taxa, 122 of them from the Linnaean collection in London, 13 from the Queen Ludovica Ulrica's collection in Uppsala, Sweden, and four from other contemporary collections.Two Linnaean senior synonyms are introduced:Hada plebejacomb. nov.(Linnaeus, 1761) for the currentH. nana(Hufnagel, 1766) andOeonistis altica(Linnaeus, 1768)comb. nov.forOe. entella(Cramer, 1779).Erebus occiduus(Linnaeus, 1758)syn. nov.is a junior subjective synonym ofE. crepuscularis(Linnaeus, 1758);L. marmorides(Cramer, 1775)Stat. rev.should be reinstated forLetis occiduaauct.In two species pairs the Linnaean names have been interpreted incorrectly. The lectotype designation ofPhalaena prasinanaLinnaeus, 1758, by Lempke (1947) is invalid because the specimen is not syntypic. According to the new lectotype,Pseudoips prasinanus(Linnaeus, 1758)comb. nov.replacesP. faganus(Fabricius, 1781), andBena bicolorana(Fuessly, 1775)comb. nov.is available for the other species.Abrostola triplasia(Linnaeus, 1758)Stat. rev.replacesA. trigemina(Werneburg, 1864), and for the other speciesA. triparlila(Hufnagel, 1766) should be reinstated. One neotype designation [Eilema complanum(Linnaeus, 1758)], one lectotype designation [Xylena exsolela(Linnaeus, 1758)], and precedence of a junior synonym [Ophideres fullonia(Clerck, 1764)] over its unused senior synonym are to be referred to the ICZN; until their decision the current usage must be followed. The identity ofMesapamea secalis(Linnaeus, 1758)stat. rev.corresponds to current usage, but, under presence of syntypic material, the recent neotype designation by Lempke (1988) will be referred to the ICZN.The revision is mainly based on the discovery that the insect pins and the way specimens are prepared give evidence of the authenticity of the material. Contrary to the views of earlier authors, Linnaeus had his labels with the specific name pinned against the bottom of the drawers by the specimen pin. Because the labels have been moved twice during subsequent curations, their present position is less indicative of the authenticity than has been previously suggested. The origin of the so‐called n‐labels is discus

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Size variation of the skull of the rock hyrax,Procavia capensis, in southern Africa was related to several temperature parameters. All the four skull parameters examined were significantly correlated with temperature. The highest correlation was with the mean maximal temperature and the lowest with temperatures of the coldest month (July). These results are interpreted that the rock hyrax adapted morphologically to high temperatures, but avoids exposure to low temperatures by behavioural mechanisms such as hiding in caves.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Femoral ontogeny in the iguanodontian dinosaurDryosaurus lettowvorbecki(Late Jurassic, Tanzania) is analysed biomechanically using principles of beam theory. Statistically significant differences in cross‐sectional properties are found between animals of differing size, reflecting alterations to both the relative amount and distribution of cortical bone during growth. Two explanations are suggested to account for these modifications in bone architecture: (1) increasing mechanical loads related to increasing body size, and (2) changes in the orientation of these loadings associated with a caudal shift of the centre of gravity. It is argued thatD. lettowvorbeckihatchlings were not bipedal as generally presumed but obligate quadrupeds. Based on avian growth rates, the transition from quadrupedality to habitual bipedalism is estimated to have occurred within several months of hatching. The biomechanical approach employed here contributes new insight into ontogeny of locomotion inD. lettowvorbeckiand provides additional ways of analysing ontogenetic processes among extinct and living species.SUMMARYOntogenetic changes in femoral morphology and locomotion were analysed in the iguanodontian dinosaur Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki using cross‐sectional data and applying principles of beam theory. The results presented here suggest that locomotor ontogeny in D. lettowvorbecki was more complicated than has generally been recognized. The percentage cortical area (a measure of the relative amount of bone) increases abruptly over a relatively short period during early ontogeny and then remains uniform during subsequent increases in body size. Modifications in cross‐sectional shape also occur with increasing size, as demonstrated by differences in second moment of area ratios. The patterns of change in these properties indicate that the orientation of mechanical loadings acting on the femur of D. lettowvorbecki differed at various stages of growth and development. It is suggested that the alterations in femoral architecture described here reflect a shift from quadrupedality to bipedality early in the ontogeny of this a

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00294.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY