摘要:

A phylogenetic analysis of the interrelationships of the barbets (Capitonidae) and the toucans (Aves: Ramphastidae, Superfamily Ramphastoidea) is presented. Thirty‐two morphological characters from the literature and independent osteological observations were analysed. Character polarity was determined by outgroup comparison to the Picidae, Indicatoridae, Galbulidae, Bucconidae and Coraciiformes. Four alternative phylogenetic hypotheses were compared: (1) the overall most parsimonious morphological phylogeny, (2) the most parsimonious morphological phylogeny in which the capitonids and ramphastids were hypothesized as monophyletic sister groups, and (3) and (4) the most parsimonious hypotheses for the evolution of the morphological characters within two proposed DNA‐DNA hybridization phylogenies of the ramphastoids. The analysis focused on the higher level relationships of ramphastids and capitonids and interrelationships among capitonid genera. Two cladistic analyses were performed using 26 phylogenetically informative characters, and the PAUP and CONTREE computer alogorithms. The most parsimonious morphological phylogeny required fewer character changes and had a lower consistency index than any of the alternative hypotheses but congruence between the most parsimonious phylogeny and the second, revised DNA‐DNA hybridization hypothesis was very high. Based on these results the monophyly of the Capitonidae is rejected. The ramphastids and the Neotropical capitonids form a well corroborated clade within the pantropical ramphastoid radiation. Neither the African, Asian nor New World capitonids is monophyletic. The genus Trachyphonus is the sister group to all other capitonids and ramphastids. The sister group to the ramphastids is the genus Semnornis. The interrelationships of the Old World capitonids excluding Trachyphonus are not completely resolved by these morphological data but one of the alternative phylogenetic resolutions is presented as a preliminary hypothesis. The clades in this resolved phylogeny are diagnosed and the palaeontology and biogeography of the ramphastoids arc‐reviewed in light of this new evidence. A phylogenetic classification is proposed in which the Capitonidae is rejected and the capitonids and ramphastids are placed in seven subfamilies of the Ramph

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01728.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The species of the subgenusDugesiain Africa and Madagascar are reviewed and their descriptions, where necessary, revised. Four new species are described;D. mirabilisfrom Kenya,D. didiaphragmafrom Zaïre, andD. debeauchampiandD. myopaboth from Madagascar.Dugesia siculais newly recorded for the region, but the records ofD. gonocephalas.str. from Africa are invalidated.Dugesia congolensis, D. colapha, D. sudanicaarespecies inquirendae. The distinction betweenD. astrochetaandD. siculais obscure, while the separation of the latter fromD. neutnanniis difficult. A key to the species is provided

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01729.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Larvae of all three southern hemisphere anadromous parasitic lampreys were collected from rivers in Australia, New Zealand and South America. Body intervals were measured, trunk myomeres counted and the frequency of pigmentation in different body regions recorded. Morphometric data were subjected to multiple group principal components analysis (MGPCA) which took into account changes during growth. The components (together with myomere counts) and the pigmentation data were both subjected to discriminant analysis. Ordination and rank correlation tests revealed no evidence for either latitudinal clines or a continuum of circumpolar change amongst larval lamprey populations. Clustering of population centroids clearly distinguished betweenMordacia lapicida(Gray) from Chile and M.mordax(Richardson) from south‐eastern Australia. Populations ofGeotria australisGray divided into groups representing three geographical regions, namely Argentina, Chile and Australasia (Western Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand). Ammocoetes from Argentina were the most divergent, possessing a more posterior cloaca, taller dorsal fins, a greater gap between dorsal fins, and distinctive pigmentation on the head and caudal fin. Within the Australasian group, Western Australian and New Zealand populations clustered closer than either did with those from Tasmania. The cluster analyses for larval populations ofG. australissuggest that, during their marine trophic phase, the adults of this species originating from Argentinian and Chilean rivers follow different migratory routes, whereas those from Western Australia, New Zealand and, to a lesser extent, Tasmania intermi

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01730.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY