摘要:

The regular or obligate aphytophagy of certain lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera) is discussed within the framework of the most recent general classification of the family. A summary survey of all Lycaenidae known to be aphytophagous is presented, together with a brief account of cannibalism and other opportunistic aphytophagy exhibited by normally phytophagous butterflies. The range of food sources (plants, animals, excretions and regurgitations) exploited by lycaenids is reviewed with emphasis falling on the ecology of myrmecophilous early stages and the significance of their ant‐related adaptations. Adult feeding and oviposition behaviour reveal further associations with ants. Specificity of lycaenid/ant relationships and the possible biological effects of aphytophagy on the Lycaenidae are discussed. Finally, speculations concerning the evolution of aphytophagy by these butterflies are critically presente

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The larvae of the lycaenid subfamily Curetinae have never been reported to be associated with ants. Observations onCuretis regulaEvans from Brunei are presented which show that this species may be tended by ants both as larvae and adults. The observations are discussed in relation to a recent review on lycaenid/ant associations, u is suggested that the Curetinae will be found to be associated with ants when more species have been reared, on evidence of the larval tentacle organs and apparent ‘pore cupolas’, both of which are ant adaptations. More studies are needed onCuretisbiology and larval morphology to resolve the relationships of this enigmatic genus within the Lycaeni

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recently it has been found that female Lepidoptera belonging to diverse families actively court their males, rather than play a merely passive role. Male and femaleHepialus humulihave been reported to come together in three different ways: (1) females are attracted to groups or ‘leks’ of white, hovering males by visual stimuli; (2) females are attracted to the males by olfactory‐substances produced on the hind‐tibial brushes of the males; (3) males are attracted to sedentary females by olfactory stimuli. During my study I observedH. humilimales flying on a total of 21 nights in two different parts of England. The males hovered in groups for about 20 min each evening, starting and stopping their flights in synchrony. Timing depended on light intensity, northern moths flying later in the summer evenings than southern moths. I observed a total of 18 matings. Normally, a female from outside a male lek flew into the group and up to one of the males. This male then usually followed her to a settling position, where mating took place. In a few cases females touched males; in one case a female struck a male in the air so that both fell to the ground and were copulating when examined. Photographs of hovering males show that their hind tibial brushes are fully everted in flight. The organs are folded against the body when the moth is mating, at rest or dead. Whilst hovering, the males are apparently emitting pheromones which function as primary attractants, rather than as the aphrodisiacs of many other lepidopteran males.The mating behaviour of hepialids is reviewed. It is concluded that all studied hepialids which have male brush organs (someHepialusandOncopera, Sthenopis, Zenophassus) exhibit similar flight and mating behaviour: males hover, sit or loop back and forth on the spot in leks; females fly into male aggregations and mate there (although some published observations suggest otherwise). In contrast, hepialids such asFraus, Oxycanusand otherHepialusthat lack male brush organs have mating behaviour in which the males are the active partner, a more standard lepidopteran method. In view of the controversies surrounding mating in hepialids, future systematic and behavioural work on Hepialidae throughout the world will be wor

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02320.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hypothesis that males of certain species of the pompilid genusCryptocheilusPanzer are polymorphic, first proposed by H. Wolf, is examined critically in the light of modern knowledge of the mating systems of Hymenoptera and the known biology ofCryptocheilusspecies. Speculations are made as to the likely selection pressures operating to produce this phenomenon; nine Old World species ofCryptocheilusare identified as probable examples. The taxonomic implications of the hypothesis are considered; one new generic and nine new specific synonymies are listed, and lectotypes are designated for three nominal species. Two names are retrieved from synonymy for species here recognized as valid. A key is provided for the extreme forms of the males of these species; more detailed treatment must await full revision ofCryptocheilus.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02321.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb02318a.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY