摘要:

The phylogeny of 13 species of the polychaete genusPhyllodoceLamarck is estimated from 23 morphological characters, totalling 54 character slates. The genus is large, with over 100 nominal species, but, since both available material and descriptions for many species are inadequate, a smaller number of species was included in the analysis. Following recent, higher‐level phylogenetic studies,Chaetoparia nilssoniMalmgren and a group ofParanaitisSouthern species were chosen as outgroups. Six equally parsimonious trees with a consistency index (CI) of 0.78 were obtained. The original character matrix is compared to randomized character states in a permutation tail probability test, the result of which indicates the presence of non‐random, hierarchical pattern in the original data.Phyllodoceis reclassified and divided into three subgenera:Phyllodoce, ZverlinumAverincev, andAnaitidesCzerniavsky. Synapomorphies are also used for subgeneric allocation of those species not included in the cladistic analysis. Several new synonymies are introduced:Austrophyllum monroiHartman, junior synonym toPhyllodoce bulbosaWesenberg‐Lund;Anaitides compsa, Chamberlin andAnaitides carloensisKudenov, junior synonyms toPhyllodoce panamensisTrea

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00300.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cladistic analysis of extant mustelids based on a data matrix consisting of 30 characters derived from morphological study of the head skeleton in all 23 genera, and 16 characters gleaned from the literature, yielded 75 most parsimonious trees with a consistency index of 0.487 using PAUP 3.0s. The analysis strongly supports the monophyly of both the Mephitinae (skunks) and Lutrinae (otters). The Mustelinae (weasels, martens, wolverine, etc) is probably paraphyletic, but there is some support for a monophyletic group consisting of the mustelines and the honey badgerMellivora.The Melinae (badgers) is a polyphyletic group; the badger ecomorph probably evolved independently at least three times within the Mustelidae. On consensus trees, there is a lack of resolution concerning the relationships within the Mephitinae and Lutrinae and the positions ofGalictisandMustela.These results are broadly congruent with a cladistic interpretation of Simpson's intent in his influential 1945 classification. Thus, a paraphyletic Mustelinae is consistent with Simpson's conception of a horizontal grouping, whereas the Mephitinae and Lutrinae represent vertical divergent lineages. In contrast, the cladistic status of the Melinae is not consistent with Simpsonian classificatory principles. The status of the monotypic Mellivorinae cannot be evaluated without considering its putative fossil members; however, the clustering ofMellivorawith the badgerTaxideais not consistent with Simpson's scheme. Some of the more inclusive clades in the most parsimonious trees are vulnerable to minor changes to the data matrix. The fossil record is consistent with the basic outlines of the cladistic pattern and explains various ostensible biogeographic anomalies. Bootstrap analysis identified marked variation in the support for the components of the cladistic pattern.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00301.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Skeletal muscles in the whipscorpionMastigoproctus giganteusare surveyed and compared with those of several other to clarify the evolutionary morphology and phylogenetic relationships of arachnids. Representatives from 90 muscle groups are described and illustrated, and their possible functions are proposed. Principal results of this analysis include new proposed homologies for the anterior opisthosomal appendages and sclerites in tetrapulmonate arachnids (that is, Trigonotarbida, Araneae, Amblypygi, Uropygi), the discovery that muscular attachments in arthropods can shift from the mesodermal endosternite to the ectodermal exoskeleton, a reconstruction of the evolutionary transformations associated with the apparent uncoupling of pharyngeal and locomotor complexes in the prosoma of Pedipalpi (that is, Amblypygi and Uropygi), and an expanded list of unique synapomorphies supporting the sister‐group status of Amblypygi and Uropyg

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00302.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. Vol. VI. Echinoderms and Lophophorates, edited by A. C. Giese, J. S. Pearse and V. B. Pearse. Pacific Grove, California, U.S.A.The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History, by T. B. Larsen.The Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Suffolk, by I. J. Killeen. Ipswich, U.K.Flycatcher. Memoirs of an Amateur Entomologistby K. A. Spencer.Ecosystems of the World 24. Intertidal and Littoral Ecosystems, edited by A. C. Mathieson and P. H. Nienhuis.Revision of the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), by Helmut Zibrowius and Stephen D. Cairns. Paris: Mémoires du Musée Nationale d'Histoire Naturellee, 1992.Animals and Disease. An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine, by L. Wilkinson.The Inevitable Bond. Examining Scientist‐Animal Interactions, edited by H. Davis and D. Balfour.Martin Lister's English Spiders (1678), edited by J. Parker and B. Harley (translated by M. Davies and B. Harley)).The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs, edited by P. F. Sale. San Diego, USA:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, by M. J. Scoble.Bats. A Community Perspective, by J. S. Findley.The Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Second Edition.Botanical monkeys, by E. J. H. Corner.The Biology of Millipedes, by S. P. Hopkin and H. J. Read.Mammals in the Palaearctic Desert: Status and Trends in the Sahara‐Gobian Region, edited by J. A. McNeely and V. M. Neronov.Coelenterate Biology: Recent Research on Cnidaria and Ctenophora, edited by R. B. Williams, P. F. S. Cornelius, R. G. Hughes and E. A. Robson. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.Animal Behaviour, 4th ed., by A. Manning and M. S. Dawkins.Weevils, Naturalists' Handbook 16, by M. G. Morris.Insects on Cabbage and Oilseed Rape. Naturalists' Handbooks 18, by W. D. J.

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00303.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0024-4082    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00304.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY