摘要:

The U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program was established in 1972 by Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. §1431 et seq.). In this article, we discuss the development of the sanctuary concept, and the original intent of Congress, and analyze how it was applied by the sanctuary program. Differences in interpretation of the program's purpose are examined, including discussion of the multiple‐use management concept, an important but controversial management technique used in the sanctuaries. The continuing efforts by Congress and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to clarify the program's purpose are investigated. The program's administrative history is explained and the current sanctuaries and active candidates are briefly described. In light of the 1988 reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary Act, the current issues facing the program are analyzed. Finally, we draw conclusions and make recommendations for the program's future.

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362064

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Policies of the Reagan administration appear to have stimulated increased coastal state activities in marine resource management. This paper uses the notion of government capacity to explore changes within these states. Capacity refers to the institutional structure, expertise, and commitment of political elites to deal with complex policy issues. Following a brief review of institution‐building within the states, North Carolina and Texas are used to illustrate contrasting approaches to the development of institutional capacity. Although most academic attention has been devoted to national ocean policy and intergovernmental relations, the states themselves are worthy subjects for systematic analysis and comparison. Among the variables which might be addressed are state maritime history; institutional frameworks for marine policy; attitudes and commitments of elites toward ocean resources; the role of scientific rationality in state decisionmaking; and the nature of state political leadership.

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362065

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

OCS oil and gas development has caused federal‐state conflicts. Coastal states have been deprived of offshore lands within their historic boundaries by erroneous judicial decisions. Coastal states have been required to bear the impacts and risks of OCS development without sharing in its benefits. The federal programs which have enabled coastal states to plan for and deal with the impacts of OCS development have been terminated or threatened by budgetary cutbacks. Coastal states have had to be concerned with the drainage of their oil and gas resources by federal lessees. Congress should enact a block grant program, similar to the Ocean and Coastal Resources Management and Development Block Grant Act of 1984, to provide OCS revenues to the coastal states. This program would help establish greater federal‐state cooperation concerning OCS oil and gas development.

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362066

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The capabilities of a new wetland dredging technology were assessed along with associated newly developed state and federal regulatory policies to determine if policy expectations realistically match the technological achievement. Current regulatory practices require amelioration of spoil bank impacts upon abandonment of an oil/gas well, but this may not occur for many years or decades, if at all. Recently, a dredging method (high‐pressure spray spoil disposal) was developed that does not create a spoil bank in the traditional sense. Its potential for reducing environmental impacts was recognized immediately by regulatory agencies for whom minimizing spoil bank impacts is a major concern. The use of high‐pressure spray disposal as a suitable alternative to traditional dredging technology has been adopted as policy even though its value as a management tool has never been tested or verified. A qualitative evaluation at two spoil disposal sites in saline marsh indicates that high‐pressure spray disposal may indeed have great potential to minimize impacts, but most of this potential remains unverified. Also, some aspects of current regulatory policy may be based on unrealistic expectations as to the ability of this new technology to minimize or eliminate spoil bank impacts.

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362067

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Program evaluation, a technique used to measure the effectiveness of governmental programs, is applied to estuarine management. Point source loadings of oxygen demanding organic material and ambient conditions of bottom water dissolved oxygen in the upper reaches of the Narragansett estuary were examined over recent decades to determine the effects of a sweage treatment plant in reducing pollution. Two tests of program outcome are presented. The first demonstrates that a statistically significant increase in bottom water dissolved oxygen is correlated with a sewage treatment plant upgrade. Other possible causes for this change are examined and eliminated. Apparently, enhanced sewage treatment is the cause of an improvement in dissolved oxygen, one measure of ambient water quality. The second analysis shows that these improvements in water quality exceed those that could be attributed to improved background conditions caused by reduced loading from the major river. Estuarine segments lacking improved bottom water dissolved oxygen receive combined sewer overflows and possibly loads from small tributaries. Present conditions of bottom water dissolved oxygen, although improved throughout much of the upper estuary, are not sufficient to meet desirable standards.

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362068

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Robert Lee Maril,Cannibals and Condos: Texans and Texas Along the Gulf Coast(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986), 113 pp.

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362069

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0892-0753    

DOI:10.1080/08920758809362063

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor