摘要:

Abstract.1. A survey ofCulicoidesbreeding places was made around Salisbury. Out of forty species caught in light traps, only nineteen were reared from breeding places.2. The seven most abundant species with their characteristic sites wereC.pycnostictwin mud around water bodies, especially dams;C.nivosusvery prevalent around puddles rich in organic matter:C. distinctipennisalong drainage canals intermediate in organic matter;C.gulbenkianiin cow dung especially on damp soil;Caccraensisgp. only in rot holes and tree forks;Cschultzeigp. along streams and drainage canals in mud rather poor in organic matter;C.tropi‐calisin drainage canals very low in organic matter;C.imicolapossibly breeds widely dispersed mainly in a rich mixture of organic matter and damp soil, with cow pats and edges of water bodies being marginal.3. The prevalent species are believed to breed all year round. Preponderance of females in the breeding places was found inC.pycnostictus, C.nivosusandC.accraensisgp. while the reverse was true inC.distinctipennisandC.gulbenkiani.The preponderance of males as indication of proximity to breeding sites is thus probably questionabl

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The distribution of adult males, nymphs and larvae of the reptile tickAponoma hydrosaurion their host,Trachydosaurus rugosus, in a study area near Tickera, South Australia, did not follow the Poisson distribution predicted if hosts were infested at random.2. The non‐random distribution of males can be accounted for by geographical heterogeneity in distribution. Adult females also showed geographical heterogeneity in their distribution pattern, but infested their hosts at random over all.3. Larvae and nymphs show distribution patterns which change both with the time and the locality. However, when these biases are removed the distribution of larvae and nymphs on their hosts is still non‐random.4. Larger lizards tend to have larger numbers of ticks, but this cannot alone account for the clumped distribution.5. A model is proposed relating the tick distribution pattern to the particular problems of a resource which is hard to find, but plentiful once fo

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00916.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Landlocked intertidal pools (potholes) are one of the common aquatic habitats associated with eastern North American salt marshes.2. Twenty species of insects, of which only eight were common, occurred in the pothole habitat. The harshness of the physical environment incurred in the pothole habitat is largely responsible for this depauperate insect community.3. Spatial variation in the diversity of the insect community is best explained by differential densities of predaceous fish.4. Seasonal changes in insect community diversity are attributable to fluctuations in water temperature and accompanying levels of dissolved oxygen.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00917.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. LargeBombus vagansworkers concentrated their foraging upon deeper florets of cow vetch (Vicia cracca) more than did smaller workers. Large and small workers did not differ significantly in their foraging rates, which were measured in several ways.2. The average depth of vetch florets varied between sites on the study area, but significant differences did not occur on a single inflorescence. The foraging differences of large and small bees probably result from a fine partitioning of the microhabitat.3. When the nectar‐robbingB.terricolawas present, manyB.vagansworkers became secondary robbers at holes made in vetch corollas. SmallB.vagansworkers robbed significantly more frequently than did large worker

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00918.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The position and zonation of mines and galls along beech leaves were recorded and analysed by means of an R X C test of independence using the G‐test; in a few cases analysis of variance was applied.2. Ten arthropod species, of which a few were congeneric, were studied. All species were recorded from all leaf sections; however, in all species except one, significant preferences for certain zones were demonstrated. High frequencies of leaf mines and galls were recorded from the middle and basal leaf sections. Apparently, the leaf apex is an unimportant microhabitat for stationary beech phyllophages, except the eriophyidAceric stenaspis stenaspisand final leaf mining stages of the beech weevilRhynchaenus fagi;intra‐leaf differences are discussed in relation to leaf grazing by mobile, chewing phyllophagous insects.3. The position of some abundant phyllophages in space and time is discussed. In old beech stands feeding activity is largely concentrated in the low canopy. Presumably, differences in feeding technique and position of feeding tracks of beech phyllophages on the leaf contribute to food resource partition in this canopy layer. In three congeneric eriophyid species niche diversification occurred. Further, in two cecidomyiid species phenologjcal differentiation may contribute to subdivision of food resour

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Subterranean aphids in old pasture were found to show extremely clumped distributions with about 3000 aphids (omitting first instars) per ant nest throughout the year.2. They were generally distributed in and away from the nest mounds, but within the ant's foraging territories.3. At summer temperatures, more than 3000 first instars are lost from the aphid population per ant nest per day and it is concluded that these are eaten by the ants in addition to some older aphids and the honeydew produced.4. The aphids may therefore provide enough food to maintain the ants with very little extra needed in the form of other prey.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The light and melanic morphs ofM.unipunctatusare described, their genetic inheritance considered, and their geographic distribution over a pollution gradient in Yorkshire is examined.2. There is an obvious colour dimorphism. The light forms are disruptively patterned while the melanic forms are uniformly dark.3. Genetic crosses indicate that the melanic character is inherited as a Mendelian dominant and that separate alleles, linked on the same chromosome, control the respective melanisms of the head‐thorax and of the abdomen.4. In Yorkshire, there is a decrease in the frequency of melanics from the industrial south to the rural nort

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Laboratory ants preferred eating whole ant fungus staphylae to hyphae, and did not feed on other fungi. Homogenized ant fungus staphylae and hyphae were equally acceptable liquid food but other homogenized fungi were not drunk extensively.2. Various arthropod fungjvores preferred to feed on ant fungus rather than any other fungus tested. Some preferred hyphae to staphylae, some vice versa and others had no preference.3. The ants attacked animals on the nest and reduced the numbers of fungivores on the fungus garden.4. The ant fungus grew best at 24.5°C and hardly at all at 10°C or 37°C.5. The ants did not necessarily choose material which supported the best fungus growth in sterile culture and readily accepted substrates on which the fungus did not grow at all. No learning behaviour was noted.6. The ant X fungus symbiosis is discussed as an example of co‐evolution, a product of an evolutionary feedback. The ant is supplied with a highly nutritious, readily acceptable food source in return for complex fungus‐culture behaviour, providing protection from fungivores and competition from other saprophytic

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. A study was made of the oviposition sites of five leafhopper speciesDiplocolenus abdominalis, Recilia coronifera, Errastunus ocellaris, Elymana sulphurella(Cicadellidae) andDicranotropic hamata(Delphacidae) on the grassesHolcus mollisandH.lanatus.2. Experiments were made in the laboratory, each insect species being provided simultaneously with a complete plant of bothHolcusspecies.3. Distribution of eggs within the leaf sheath and leaf blade, and their height above ground‐level, were recorded.4. The presence and size of egg groups were noted, as well as the angle of eggs to the longitudinal axis of the leaf.5. On the basis of comparison of the vertical distribution of the eggs with availability of plant tissues, the five species can be divided into three groups: (a)D.abdominalisandR.coronifera, (b)D.hamataandE.ocellaris, (c)E.sulphurella.Species within a group, i.e. with similar distributions of eggs, have other features separating their oviposition site

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:ANTS. By M. V. BrianTHE LEPIDOPTERA OF NORFOLK ISLAND, THEIR BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY. Series Entoraologica 13. By J. D. HollowayIMMS' GENERAL TEXTBOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY. Tenth Edition. By O. W. Richards and R. G. DaviesTHEORY AND PRACTICE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. Edited by C. B. Huffakerand (the late) P. S. MessengerTHE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES, THEIR ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT. By R. L. H. DennisGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION, SPECIATION AND CLINES. By John A. EndlerMISSION ZOOLOGIQUE BELGE AUX ILES GALAPAGOS ET EN ECUADOR. ed by T. E. Mittler, C. N. Smith and H. V. Resh

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1978.tb00924.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY