摘要:

Abstract.1. The Mediterranean black scaleSaissetia oleae(Olivier) was the most suitable host for the importedMetaphycus aff. stanleyiCompere andMetaphycus helvolus(Compere) and for the localMetaphycus flavus(Howard).2. Difficulties were encountered in the mass rearing of the introduced parasitoids, particularlyM. aff. stanleyi, on the hemispherical scaleSaissetia coffeae(Walker) and on the brown soft scaleCoccus hesperidumL., because many of the eggs were encapsulated.3. Although all the eggs ofM.aff.stanleyiwere encapsulated shortly after being deposited inS.coffeae, some larvae developed, broke out of the capsule and developed normally.4. The incidence of parasitized scales containing only encapsulated eggs of any of the threeMetaphycusspecies, increased with the stage of the host.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00880.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. A sampling plan was developed for the immature stages ofD.oleae(Gmel.) by analysing data from samples of infested fruits taken during the years 1973, 1974 and 1975.2. The number of samples required to attain a certain precision is largely a function of density, so that the level of sampling can be determined approximately for a given density of immature stages.3. Partial life tables were constructed for the main developmental periods of the successive generations ofD.oleae.For most of the year the number of eggs laid, rather than mortality, determined the size of the resulting population of pupae.4. In September mortality of the third larval instar is high, mainly due to parasitism and this decreases considerably the number of pupae produced during this period.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00881.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The species ofSimuliumpresent at twenty‐seven stations in the River Frome and some of its tributaries are recorded.2. In the lower reaches of the riverSimulium omatumandSimulium lineatumhave basic life histories comprising four generations of larvae annually.3. At other stations the annual pattern is modified by weed cutting and flow regulations and by position in the river system.4. In winter generations the larvae and pupae are larger than at other times of the year. A survey of the size of pupae at ten stations in October 1973 indicated that temperature could account for variations in siz

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00882.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Ecological observations were made on four species of the genusHalticaand the life cycle described, with particular reference toH.lythriAubé.2. The species are usually univoltine although a second egg laying period may occur.3. Post hibernation aggregation behaviour of adulls occurs in the spring and feeding damage is often localized. First instar larvae ofH.lythrifeed in groups.4. Parasitism byPerilitussp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),Degeeria luctuosaMeigen (Diptera, Tachinidae), gregarine protozoa, Nematoda (Mermithidae) and a fungus,Verticilliumsp., is reported.5. Hemiptera are important predators of someHalticaspecies. Eggs ofH.lythriwere attacked by the miridDicyphus epilobiiReuter. Larvae ofH.oleraceaandH.lythriwere preyed upon by the pentatomidZicrona coerula(L.).6. Feeding tests with carabid beetles suggested thatStomis pumpicatus(Pz) may be a potential predator of larvae ofH.lythri.7. Chemical secretions at the tips of spined tubercles of first instar larvae may have a defensive function. Other defence mechanisms are described

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00883.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. CalifornianPieris napihave previously been reported as producing dark‐veined and light‐veined adults from diapausing and. non‐diapausing pupae respectively; the converse has not been reported.2. A population of the coastal subspeciesvenosafrom Monterey County was examined to determine whether pupal temperature exposure was involved in proximate control of seasonal phenotypes.3. When reared under continuous light at 25°C this stock produced seventeen diapause pupae, thirteen of which have eclosed yielding typical dark‐veined adults, and thirty‐eight non‐diapause pupae.4. Of fifteen non‐diapause pupae held in a dark box at 25°C, fourteen produced typical light‐veined adults and one produced a dark‐veined individual of intermediate phenotype.5. Of twenty‐three non‐diapause pupae held in a dark box at 10°C for 24 days, twenty‐two produced dark‐veined butterflies of intermediate phenotype and one produced a light‐veined adult.6. When the experiment was repeated with an inland, population of subspeciesmicrostriata, which is normally univoltine and monophenic, the temperature effect on phenotype was still present but less pronounced.7. The nature of phenotypic determination is reviewed with particular regard for the developmental environment of butterflies from diapaused pupae. The thermal environment of reactivating diapausers, rather than the diapause state itself,

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00884.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The oviposition biology of the siricid woodwasps,Sirex noctilio, S.juvencus, S.cyaneus, Urocerus gigas, U.augur, U.fantoma, U.sahandXeris spectrumwas investigated. The fecundity of each siricid species was related to adult size althoughS.noctiliolaid relatively fewer eggs than other species.2. Oviposition drill architecture in host trees is characteristic for the different siricid genera and was found to be related to the length of the ovipositor. The shape of the egg is also characteristic for each genus.3. Species of the symbiotic fungus,Amylostereum, were found to be associated with all species exceptX. spectrum.The emplacement of fungus in relation to oviposition drills was investigated.4.S.noctiliofemales have relatively larger mucus glands and reservoirs than other siricid species.5. The response ofX.spectrumfemales to previously infested timber was studied experimentally. A positive response to previously infested timber andAmylostereuminoculated sawdust was demonstrated.6. The longevity of adults, oviposition rates and incubation period of eggs was investigated.7. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of siricids in Europe and Australia.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00885.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Estimates of the relative crypsis of the melanic and typical morphs ofB.betulariahave been made at fifty‐two sites in southern England and south Wales and these estimates were compared with melanic frequencies in samples from these sites.2. The decrease from east to west in the frequency of the melanic form,carbonaria, and increase in the frequency of a second melanic form,insularia, across the southern part of England and Wales is largely independent of changes in smoke concentration, sulphur dioxide concentration or relative crypsis.3. When all the available information on the distribution of the melanics ofB.betulariais considered, sulphur dioxide concentration is correlated with the geographic variation incarbonariafrequency. This, together with evidence of the close relationship betweencarbonariacrypsis and sulphur dioxide levels, indicates that outside southern England and south Wales, either selective predation, or some direct selective effect of pollutants, is of major importance in determining the variation incarbonariafrequency.4. Some features of the pattern of the spread ofcarbonariain England and Wales during the last century give reasons for expecting non‐industrial selective factors to be of greater importance in determining the distribution of melanicsof B.betulariain southern England and south Wales than in the rest of Brit

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00886.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Data on ant distribution on the various blocks of cocoa studied at Gambari Experimental Station shows a clear mosaic of ant colonies. Distribution maps and analyses of associations between common species are given.2. Surveys of ant populations on kola, cashew, coffee, oil palm, plantain and indigenous forest trees revealed dominance by the same ant species as occur on cocoa.3. The adundance of any particular dominant ant species is shown to be related mainly to the habitat provided by a specific tree crop.4. The potential utilization of ants as biological control agents is discussed.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00887.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:RECHERCHES ACRIDIENNES A MADAGASCAR.INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT. Edited by J. L. Apple and R. F. Smith.THYSANOPTERA. By L. A. Mound, G. D. Morison, B. R. Pitkin and J. M. Palmer.THE MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Edited by John Heath.HOMOPTERA APHIDOIDEA (PART 1) CHAITOPHORIDAE AND CALLAPHIDIDAE. By H. L. G. Stroyan.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00888.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY